Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants.

Variable	Category	Frequency (N = 180)	Percentage (%)
Gender	Male	150	83.3
	Female	30	16.7
Age (years)	Mean ± SD; Median; Range	31.5 ± 8.6; 30.0; [18–62]
Age	18–24 Years	42	24.0
	25–40 Years	107	61.1
	40+ Years	26	14.9
	Non-Response	5
Education level	Primary (8 years) and below	86	47.8
	Secondary	65	36.1
	Tertiary	29	16.1
Employment Status	Employed	48	26.8
	Self-Employed	63	35.2
	Unemployed	68	38.0
	Non-Response	1
Monthly personal income in Ksh	<=20,000	150	83.3
	>20,000	30	16.7
Marital status	Married	49	27.5
	Separated/Divorced/Widowed	61	34.3
	Single	68	38.2
	Non-Response	2
Substance use patterns
Age at first use of any substance	Less than 10 years	15	8.3
	11–15 years	50	27.8
	16–20 years	87	48.3
	21–30 years	23	12.8
	Above 30 years	5	2.8
Lifetime substance use	Opioids	180	100
	Cannabis	164	91.1
	Alcohol	87	48.3
	Smoking	137	76.1
	Khat	67	37.2
	Benzodiazepines	58	32.2
	Others	16	8.9
Current substance use (at time of study)	None	32	17.8
	Opioids	33	18.3
	Cannabis	94	52.2
	Alcohol	12	6.7
	Smoking	66	36.7
	Khat	13	7.2
	Benzodiazepines	7	3.9
	Others	4	2.2
Gambling behaviour in past 12 months	Yes	66	36.7%
Used illicit drug by Injection	Yes	73	40.8
Previous SUD Treatment	Yes	47	26.1
Ever been arrested	Yes	127	70.6
Family History of mental illness	Yes	9	5.0
History of childhood adverse event	Yes	127	70.6
Parent or family member uses substances	Yes	68	37.8
Psychiatry or medical comorbidity	Yes	21	11.7
Duration on methadone treatment	4 Years	33	18.3
	3 Years	51	28.3
	2 Years	30	16.7
	1 Year	25	13.9
	Less than 1 Year	41	22.8