Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of OS in the training cohort of LPA patients (n = 3358).
| Characteristics | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (70–79 vs. 0–69) | 1.3 (1.18, 1.44) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.15, 1.4) | <0.001 |
| Age (≥80 vs. 0–69) | 2.03 (1.81, 2.27) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.4, 1.78) | <0.001 |
| Sex (female vs. male) | 0.59 (0.54, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.58, 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Race (Black vs. White) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 0.01 | 1 (0.86, 1.17) | 0.978 |
| Race (Others vs. White) | 0.8 (0.73, 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.74, 0.88) | <0.001 |
| Marital status (married vs. single) | 1.18 (1.08, 1.29) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 0.308 |
| Education (low vs. high) | 1.1 (1, 1.19) | 0.038 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.711 |
| Income (low vs. high) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 0.421 | — | — |
| Laterality (right vs. left) | 1.22 (1, 1.49) | 0.053 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.3) | 0.565 |
| Lobe (middle vs. upper) | 1.25 (1.13, 1.37) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.04, 1.26) | 0.006 |
| Lobe (lower vs. upper) | 1.95 (1.75, 2.18) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.2, 1.51) | <0.001 |
| Tumor size (≥3 and <5 cm vs. <3 cm) | 3.52 (3.1, 3.99) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.77, 2.31) | <0.001 |
| Tumor size (≥5 cm vs. <3 cm) | 6.31 (5.57, 7.14) | <0.001 | 2.03 (1.75, 2.36) | <0.001 |
| Separate tumor nodules (yes vs. no) | 2.65 (2.1, 3.35) | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.71, 1.15) | 0.406 |
| Perineural invasion (yes vs. no/unknown) | 3.15 (1.89, 5.24) | <0.001 | 2 (1.19, 3.36) | 0.009 |
| Grade (II vs. I) | 1.2 (1.07, 1.35) | 0.002 | 1.19 (1.06, 1.34) | 0.004 |
| Grade (III vs. I) | 1.92 (1.61, 2.29) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.33, 1.92) | <0.001 |
| Grade (IV vs. I) | 0.74 (0.18, 2.95) | 0.665 | 0.65 (0.16, 2.63) | 0.551 |
| TNM stage (II vs. I) | 2.36 (1.9, 2.93) | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.74, 2.72) | <0.001 |
| TNM stage (III vs. I) | 3.31 (2.92, 3.74) | <0.001 | 2.26 (1.97, 2.61) | <0.001 |
| TNM stage (IV vs. I) | 6 (5.41, 6.65) | <0.001 | 3.18 (2.76, 3.66) | <0.001 |
| Primary tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown) | 0.19 (0.17, 0.21) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.37, 0.48) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown) | 1.1 (0.82, 1.47) | 0.512 | - | - |
| Radiotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown) | 2.16 (1.94, 2.41) | <0.001 | 1.11 (0.98, 1.25) | 0.097 |
| Chemotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown) | 2.16 (1.97, 2.36) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) | <0.001 |
CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; LPA: lepidic adenocarcinoma; OS: overall survival.