Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of CSS in the training cohort of LPA patients (n = 3358).
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (70–79 vs. 0–69) | 1.17 (1.05, 1.31) | 0.005 | 1.16 (1.03, 1.3) | 0.011 |
| Age (≥80 vs. 0–69) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.83) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.09, 1.44) | 0.002 |
| Sex (female vs. male) | 0.6 (0.54, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.6, 0.74) | <0.001 |
| Race (Black vs. White) | 1.28 (1.08, 1.51) | 0.005 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.939 |
| Race (Others vs. White) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.001 | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) | 0.002 |
| Marital status (married vs. single) | 1.21 (1.09, 1.33) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 0.532 |
| Education (low vs. high) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.23) | 0.028 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.17) | 0.439 |
| Income (low vs. high) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 0.581 | — | — |
| Laterality (right vs. left) | 1.23 (0.98, 1.54) | 0.08 | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 0.867 |
| Lobe (middle vs. upper) | 1.26 (1.13, 1.41) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | 0.032 |
| Lobe (lower vs. upper) | 2.23 (1.96, 2.55) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.26, 1.66) | <0.001 |
| Tumor size (≥3 and <5 cm vs. <3 cm) | 4.49 (3.9, 5.16) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.98, 2.66) | <0.001 |
| Tumor size (≥5 cm vs. <3 cm) | 7.95 (6.92, 9.13) | <0.001 | 2.15 (1.82, 2.53) | <0.001 |
| Separate tumor nodules (yes vs. no) | 3.21 (2.5, 4.12) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.71, 1.2) | 0.559 |
| Perineural invasion (yes vs. no/unknown) | 3.95 (2.19, 7.11) | <0.001 | 2.15 (1.18, 3.91) | 0.012 |
| Grade (II vs. I) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) | 0.002 | 1.2 (1.05, 1.38) | 0.009 |
| Grade (III vs. I) | 2.2 (1.81, 2.68) | <0.001 | 1.72 (1.41, 2.11) | <0.001 |
| Grade (IV vs. I) | 1.05 (0.26, 4.22) | 0.943 | 0.83 (0.21, 3.37) | 0.799 |
| TNM stage (II vs. I) | 3.45 (2.71, 4.39) | <0.001 | 3.05 (2.38, 3.92) | <0.001 |
| TNM stage (III vs. I) | 4.71 (4.07, 5.46) | <0.001 | 3.02 (2.56, 3.56) | <0.001 |
| TNM stage (IV vs. I) | 9.17 (8.11, 10.37) | <0.001 | 4.5 (3.82, 5.3) | <0.001 |
| Primary tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.17) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.35, 0.48) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown) | 1.34 (1, 1.81) | 0.054 | - | - |
| Radiotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown) | 2.24 (1.99, 2.53) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | 0.318 |
| Chemotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown) | 2.72 (2.46, 3.01) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.72, 0.9) | <0.001 |
CI: confidence interval; CSS: cancer-specific survival; HR: hazard ratio; LPA: lepidic adenocarcinoma.