Table 9.
Synthesis of the secondary outcomes on vaccination and immunization coverage.
| References | Intervention | Impact on vaccination and immunization coverage |
|---|---|---|
| Bangure et al. (40) | SMS reminders | Immunization coverage in the intervention group significantly higher than in the control group at week 6 (93 vs. 82%), week 10 (96 vs. 80%), and week 14 (95 vs. 75%). Delay in immunization in the intervention group significantly less likely than to the control group. |
| Brown et al. (41) | Voice calls | Immunization compliance rate was 79.2% in the intervention group compared to 46.4% in the control group. |
| Dissieka et al. (42) | SMS/voice message reminders | Immunization coverage in the intervention group significantly higher than in the control group at pentavalent 1 (6 weeks) (86.6 vs. 76.1%, AOR 2.85), pentavalent 2 (10 weeks) (81.0 vs. 67.3%, AOR 2.80) and pentavalent 3 (14 weeks) (74.2 vs. 58.3%, AOR 2.68). Attendance at each visit was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. |
| Ekhaguere et al. (43) | App + SMS / voice reminders | The proportion of infants completing the 12-month immunization series in the intervention group was significantly higher compared to the control group (74 vs. 66%, RR 1.12). Timely receipts of immunization (within a week of expected date) were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (57 vs. 47%, RR 1.22). |
| Gibson et al. (44) | SMS reminders | The proportion of children achieving full immunization by 12 months of age was 82% (296/360) in the control group compared to 86% in the SMS intervention (332/388). Children in the SMS only group were significantly more likely to achieve full immunization (RR 1.04). |
| Haji et al. (46) | SMS reminders | Those who received text messages were less likely to drop out compared to controls (OR 0.2). Thirteen percent of the children vaccinated at 14 weeks in the SMS intervention group is attributed to SMS reminders. |
| Kazi et al. (47) | SMS reminders | PP analysis at 6 weeks demonstrated significantly higher immunization coverage in SMS intervention group compared to the control group (96.0 vs. 86.4%). Non-significant increase at week 10 and 14. ITT analysis at week 6, 10 and 14 indicated a non-significant increase in immunization coverage in the SMS intervention group compared to the control group. |
| Lund et al. (49) | SMS reminders | Non-significant improvement in vaccination uptake in the intervention group compared to the control group (72 vs. 56%, OR = 1.62) |
| Murthy et al. (52) | App + voice reminders | Women in the intervention group were 1.53 times more likely to report that their infant was fully immunized (OR 1.531). Babies born to women in the intervention group had 49% increased odds of receiving all their recommended immunizations as compared to controls (OR 1.485). |
| Nagar et al. (54) | Voice message reminders | Immunization completion within 2 months from registration time was higher in the two intervention groups (37.7 and 38.7%) compared to control (27.7%). |
| Seth et al. (57) | SMS reminders + data collection module | Median immunization coverage at enrollment was 33% in all groups and increased to 41.7, 40.1, and 50.0% in the control group, the group with mobile phone reminders, and the compliance-linked incentives group, respectively. |
AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; ITT, intention-to-treat; OR, Odds Ratio; PP, per protocol; RR, Relative Risk.