Table 1.

Comparison of existing surveys with the current review (✓: yes; x: no).

S.No	Reference	Title of research	Objective and details	Shortcomings of existing survey	Impact of animation on the viewer's visual attention and cognition	Open challenges	Future directions
1	The present study	Psychological impact and influence of animation on viewer's visual attention and cognition: a systematic literature review, open challenges, and future research directions	The impact of animation on viewers' attention and attention span was reviewed and reported either with respect to animated characters or character motion.	—	✓	✓	✓
2	Yang [12]	Research on the influence of the nature and behavior of animated characters on the audience	The influence of nature and animated characters' behavior on different audiences was analyzed. The personality classification of the animated design was discussed based on modes such as absolute justice, negative energy, and yes man mode. The study suggested that shaping character image with good temperament and behavior in animated films is necessary for guiding the children to establish a correct world outlook, outlook on life, and values.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	x	x	x
3	Van Rooij [13]	Carefully constructed yet curiously real: how major American animation studios generate empathy through a shared style of character design	The computer-animated characters portrayed by major American animation studios Pixar, Disney, and DreamWorks were analyzed for an overwhelming emotional response in the audience. In addition, a case study on the animation movies by these studios was carried out. The study proposed that audiences can feel equal levels of empathy for computer-animated characters and real human actors. It also suggested that the animated characters created by these studios using digital sets, virtual cameras, and perceptual cues seem to be accepted by the audience as real and authentic, and it evoked empathy.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	Talks about the impact on viewer's attention alone	x	x
4	Sen & Rong [14]	The influence of Japanese anime on the values of adolescent	The influence of Japanese anime on Chinese youth was elaborated. The positive and negative effects on forming correct values for adolescents were determined.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	x	x	x
5	Ghazali & Ghani [15]	The important of great storytelling in Malaysia animation industries	The importance of great storytelling to grab the audience's attention was exposed. Furthermore, the importance of animation story structure, such as appeal, believability, story, collaboration, and research, was elaborated.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	x	x	x
6	Liu & Elms [16]	Animating student engagement: the impacts of cartoon instructional videos on learning experience	The use of a series of animated videos for teaching advanced accounting at an Australian university was explored. The benefits of various demographic groups of students from these animation videos were also explored.	The design, development, and production of animated videos require more resources, and this survey did not provide a direct cost analysis.	✓	✓	✓
7	Jintapitak [16]	Use of animation characters to motivate students in a higher education class	The influence of animation on the educational field, especially for the higher education class, was explored.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	Talks about the impact on viewer's attention alone	x	x
8	Flynn [17]	Discovering audience motivations behind movie theater attendance	The factors that currently attract the audience to movie theaters were compared with the factors which attracted in the past. The top box office films within the past six years were selected for the study. The films were categorized into preexisting fandom, remake/sequel, superhero movies, and cinematic first.	Only a tiny portion of the top box office of all time was chosen for the study.	x	x	x
9	Zhou [18]	The narrative construction of Chinese animation from the perspective of adolescent audience	The direction of sustainable development of Chinese animation with adolescents as an object was analyzed. The characteristics of adolescence under the historical background were analyzed with respect to the phenomenon of idol worship, the dependence on networks, and the lack of knowledge of traditional culture.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	Talks about the impact on viewer's attention alone	x	x
10	Agarwal & Adhikari [19]	Survey of trends in 3D animation	The techniques which are in trend that are used to convert a 3D design into a 3D object on screen were analyzed. Furthermore, the techniques used to enhance state-in-art, such as texture space (continuity mapping), object space (cages), and screen space (I-Render), were elaborated.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	x	x	x
11	Goel & Upadhyay [20]	Effectiveness of the use of animation in advertising: a literature review	The basic concepts related to animation and its use in advertising were elaborated. Then, the animation process was discussed, including developing ideas and stories, sketching and drawing, combining it, and final editing. Also, animation styles like Walt Disney, Warner Brothers, and Japanese styles were briefed. Finally, various factors influencing the effective use of animation like attention, memory, recall and recognition, click-through rate, and attitude were discussed.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	Talks about the impact on viewer's attention alone	x	x
12	Zaky [21]	Once Upon a Time, We Were All Little Kids Too!!! Influence of Cartoon on Children's Behavior; Is it Just a World of Fantasy or a Nightmare???	The influence of cartoons on toddlers and children's behavior was investigated. The cartoon's beneficial effects (independent learning and proper communication) and possible harmful effects (behavior, social, and emotional development) were discussed.	A systematic survey protocol was not followed.	x	x	x