Table 2.
Summary of clinical studies of phytochemicals on the PPAR family in diseases.
| Phytochemicals | Disease | Dose/route of administration | Assay | Protective effect | Mechanism | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nano-curcumin | Diabetes on hemodialysis (HD) | 80 mg/day, capsule, 12 weeks (RCT) | Gene expressions in PBMCs, blood sample | Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory | (+) PPARγ mRNA, LDLR mRNA, HDL-cholesterol, TAC, total nitrite level (-) FPG, insulin level, TC, TG, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio, hs-CRP, MDA |
[201] |
| Curcumin | Polycystic ovary syndrome | 500 mg/day, supplementary, 12 weeks (RCT) | Fasting blood sample, insulin and lipid metabolism gene expressions | Antiobesity, antidiabetic, lipid lowering | (+) PPARγ mRNA, LDLR mRNA, HDL cholesterol (-) FPG, insulin level, HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-cholesterol, total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio |
[202] |
| Resveratrol + curcumin | Postprandial inflammation response in high-fat meal | 100/50 mg (Res/Cur), 2 capsule, 30 min before consuming the high-fat meal (RCT) | Blood sample, inflammatory markers, adhesion molecules, NFκB1, and PPARα | No impact on the postprandial inflammation response, have only small effects on endothelial function | (+) – (-) sVCAM-1 iAUC ∗: PPARαand NFκB1 not changed |
[203] |
| Resveratrol | Type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease | 500 mg/day, capsule, 4 weeks (RCT) | Fasting blood sample, lipid, inflammation and oxidative markers, related gene expression | Antidiabetic, antioxidant, regulated dyslipidemia ∗Not effect on inflammatory markers |
(+) PPARγ, SIRT1, QUICKI, HDL-C, TAC (-) FPG,insulin, HOMA-IR, TC/HDL, MDA |
[276] |
| Naringenin | Diabetes | 150 mg, capsule, 3times/day, 8 weeks (a case) | Blood sample, respiratory quotient, insulin and metabolic markers | Reduced body weight and insulin resistance, increased metabolic rate | (+) PPARα,PPARγ, serum glucose,UCP1, CPT1β (-) HOMA-IR, LDL-C |
[204] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Obesity | 150 mg, capsule, twice/day, 8 weeks (RCT) | Blood sample (enzyme and hormone assay), gene expression in adipocytes | Decreased blood pressure, no effects on obesity, lipolysis and browning of human white adipocytes | (+) - (-) TG,serum kisspeptin ∗ not effect on PPARγ and UCP1 expressions |
[205] |
(+): Increasing or activation of target. (-): Decreasing or inhibition of target.