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. 2022 Aug 25;13:980805. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980805

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Copyright © 2022 Krutyhołowa, Strzelec, Dziedzic, Bereta, Łazarz-Bartyzel, Potempa and Gawron

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Shared risk factors that contribute to development of periodontal disease (left circle, PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (right circle, RA). The top left circle shows bacteria forming the “red complex”, namely, Porphyromonas gingivalis (red, PG), Tannerella forsythia (violet, TF) and Treponema denticola (orange, TD) and the top right circle shows an environmental factor (smoking). Bottom three circles show the main genetic risk factors, namely shared epitopes within the β-chain of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) and Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5).