Table 3.
Demographic variables.
| 2010 (n = 4,967) Mean (SD) or n (%) | 2012 (n = 4,460) Mean (SD) or n (%) | 2014 (n = 4,514) Mean (SD) or n (%) | 2016 (n = 4,484) Mean (SD) or n (%) | 2018 (n = 4,825) Mean (SD) or n (%) | 2020 (n = 3,652) Mean (SD) or n (%) | 2010~2020 (n = 26,902) Mean (SD) or n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grandchild care | |||||||
| Grandparent-raised = 1 | 1,139 (22.93%) | 1,075 (24.10%) | 1,185 (26.25%) | 1,261 (28.12%) | 1,510 (31.30%) | 787 (21.55%) | 6,957 (25.86%) |
| Non-grandparent-raised = 0 | 3,828 (77.07%) | 3,385 (75.90%) | 3,329 (73.75%) | 3,223 (71.88%) | 3,315 (68.70%) | 2,865 (78.45%) | 19,945 (74.14%) |
| Public medical insurance | |||||||
| Insured = 1 | 3,145 (63.32%) | 2,435 (54.60%) | 3,088 (68.41%) | 4,021 (89.67%) | 4,368 (90.53%) | 3,028 (82.91%) | 20,085 (74.66%) |
| Uninsured = 0 | 1,822 (36.68%) | 2,025 (45.40%) | 1,426 (31.59%) | 463 (10.33%) | 457 (9.47%) | 624 (17.09%) | 6,817 (25.34%) |
| Commercial medical insurance | |||||||
| Participated = 1 | 875 (17.62%) | 567 (12.71%) | 676 (14.98%) | 539 (12.02%) | 637 (13.20%) | 763 (20.89%) | 4,057 (15.08%) |
| Unparticipated = 0 | 4,092 (82.38%) | 3,893 (87.29%) | 3,838 (85.02%) | 3,945 (87.98%) | 4,188 (86.80%) | 2,889 (79.11%) | 22,845 (84.92%) |
| Medical utilization (range 0~60) | 1.39 (2.37) | 0.93 (1.94) | 1.67 (3.64) | 1.71 (3.10) | 1.74 (3.69) | 1.17 (2.39) | 1.45 (2.96) |
| Age (range 6~16) | 10.59 (2.92) | 10.41 (2.92) | 10.37 (2.90) | 10.13 (2.86) | 10.25 (2.88) | 10.31 (2.85) | 10.35 (2.89) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 2,571 (51.76%) | 2,335 (52.35%) | 2,384 (52.81%) | 2,430 (54.19%) | 2,583 (53.53%) | 1,950 (53.40%) | 14,253 (52.98%) |
| Female | 2,396 (48.24%) | 2,125 (47.65%) | 2,130 (47.19%) | 2,054 (45.81%) | 2,242 (46.47%) | 1,702 (46.60%) | 12,649 (47.02%) |
| Income | |||||||
| High-income | 2,571 (51.76%) | 2,335 (52.35%) | 2,130 (52.81%) | 2,430 (54.19%) | 2,583 (53.53%) | 1,950 (53.40%) | 13,490 (50.14%) |
| Low-income | 2,396 (48.24%) | 2,125 (47.65%) | 2,384 (47.19%) | 2,054 (45.81%) | 2,242 (46.47%) | 1,702 (46.60%) | 13,412 (49.86%) |
| Education (range 0~30) | 5.98 (3.96) | 6.18 (3.68) | 5.86 (3.45) | 6.17 (3.47) | 6.87 (3.21) | 7.27 (3.41) | 6.36 (3.58) |
| Region | |||||||
| Eastern | 1,766 (35.55%) | 1,594 (35.74%) | 1,502 (33.27%) | 1,448 (32.29%) | 1,652 (34.24%) | 1,301 (35.62%) | 9,263 (34.43%) |
| Middle | 1,526 (30.72%) | 1,390 (31.17%) | 1,477 (32.72%) | 1,462 (32.60%) | 1,545 (32.02%) | 1,143 (31.30%) | 8,543 (31.76%) |
| Western | 1,675 (33.72%) | 1,476 (33.09%) | 1,535 (34.01%) | 1,574 (35.10%) | 1,628 (33.74%) | 1,208 (33.08%) | 9,096 (33.81%) |
Chi-square test for heterogeneity(categorical variables), ANOVA test for differences in the mean (continuous normally distributed variables). SD, standard deviation.