Table 4.

Thematic barriers by domain found in included studies.

Barriers	Domain			Citations
	System	Provider	Family experience
1. Disconnect between the needs of users and services offered	✓			(20, 32–35, 38, 40, 42, 48, 52, 55)
2. Quality of treatment	✓			(34, 37, 40, 41, 46, 48–50, 53, 54, 56–58)
3. Lack of training for healthcare professionals	✓			(20, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 54, 55)
4. Difficulties accessing interpreters	✓			(34, 37, 39–41, 43, 45, 48, 58–60)
5. Lack of available information in minority languages	✓			(32, 36, 48, 57, 58, 60)
6. Personal characteristics of healthcare practitioners		✓		(40, 58)
7. Practitioners' often erroneous beliefs regarding language development		✓		(20, 33, 39, 40, 46–48, 55)
8. Practitioner's lack of using evidence-based practices		✓		(34, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 53, 54, 58)
9. Challenges in offering family-centered services		✓		(36, 39, 54)
10. Lack of resources		✓		(34, 39, 40, 45, 46, 49)
11. Feelings of distrust toward language discordant healthcare providers			✓	(36, 57, 59)
12. Feelings of stigma			✓	(48, 56)