Fig. 1.

Intra-operative photograph demonstrating the extra-oral approach for induction of critical-size mandibular bone defect. Skin incision was made below the inferior border of the mandible and the periosteum was incised and elevated using a periosteal elevator (a) till complete exposure of the body of the mandible (b). A trephine bur (c) was used for the induction of 15 mm circular bone defect (d). The induced defects (e) were press-fitted with cylindrical scaffold of calcium silicate or 3 % calcium silicate-doped iron oxide or 10 calcium silicate-doped iron oxide scaffold (f).