Table 2. Differences in BAT, SEWB, DUWAS, UWES, and BJSQ scores between participants with flexible and fixed working-time systems: t-test.
| Flexible (n=191) | Fixed (n=409) | t-value | p | |||||||
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| mean | SD | min | max | mean | SD | min | max | |||
| BATa | ||||||||||
| Exhaustion | 8.7 | 2.8 | 3 | 15 | 8.2 | 2.9 | 3 | 15 | 2.320 | 0.021 |
| M-D | 7.7 | 2.8 | 3 | 15 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 3 | 15 | 1.707 | 0.088 |
| C-I | 7.4 | 2.7 | 3 | 15 | 7.1 | 2.6 | 3 | 15 | 1.439 | 0.151 |
| E-I | 7.0 | 3.0 | 3 | 15 | 6.7 | 2.7 | 3 | 15 | 1.027 | 0.305 |
| Total | 30.8 | 9.8 | 12 | 60 | 29.2 | 9.6 | 12 | 60 | 1.872 | 0.062 |
| SEWB | ||||||||||
| IW | 7.6 | 2.9 | 3 | 15 | 6.8 | 2.9 | 3 | 15 | 2.990 | 0.003 |
| PW | 8.9 | 3.6 | 4 | 20 | 7.6 | 3.6 | 4 | 20 | 4.103 | 0.000 |
| RR | 12.5 | 5.2 | 6 | 27 | 10.6 | 4.9 | 6 | 30 | 4.319 | 0.000 |
| WI | 9.1 | 4.7 | 5 | 22 | 8.5 | 4.5 | 5 | 25 | 1.396 | 0.163 |
| US | 6.8 | 3.2 | 3 | 15 | 6.1 | 3.3 | 3 | 15 | 2.337 | 0.020 |
| Total | 10.9 | 3.6 | 5 | 20 | 9.7 | 3.8 | 5 | 25 | 3.730 | 0.000 |
| DUWAS | ||||||||||
| WE | 10.0 | 3.5 | 5 | 20 | 9.1 | 3.3 | 5 | 20 | 3.266 | 0.001 |
| WC | 9.3 | 3.1 | 5 | 20 | 8.7 | 3.1 | 5 | 20 | 2.136 | 0.033 |
| Total | 19.3 | 6.1 | 10 | 40 | 17.8 | 6.1 | 10 | 40 | 2.895 | 0.004 |
| UWES | ||||||||||
| Vigor | 10.0 | 4.3 | 3 | 21 | 9.1 | 4.1 | 3 | 21 | 2.520 | 0.012 |
| Dedication | 11.0 | 4.2 | 3 | 21 | 10.2 | 4.3 | 3 | 21 | 2.126 | 0.034 |
| Absorption | 10.5 | 4.3 | 3 | 21 | 9.3 | 4.4 | 3 | 21 | 3.180 | 0.002 |
| Total | 31.5 | 12.2 | 9 | 63 | 28.6 | 12.3 | 9 | 63 | 2.735 | 0.006 |
| BJSQ | ||||||||||
| Quantity | 7.9 | 2.1 | 3 | 12 | 7.3 | 2.2 | 3 | 12 | 2.940 | 0.003 |
| Quality | 8.2 | 2.0 | 3 | 12 | 7.5 | 2.2 | 3 | 12 | 3.618 | 0.000 |
| Low control | 7.0 | 2.2 | 3 | 12 | 7.2 | 2.0 | 3 | 12 | −1.081 | 0.281 |
aBetween working time system and between subscale effects were significant: F=10.618 (p<0.01) and 33.608 (p<0.001) , respectively, in the two-way analysis of variance.
Abbreviations: BAT, Burnout Assessment Tool; SEWB, self-endangering work behavior; DUWAS, Dutch Workaholism Scale; UWES, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale; BJSQ, Brief Job Stress Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation.