TABLE 4.
Mental health, financial distress, and conflicts (Chile, 2020).
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor well-being | Sleep problems | Deterioration | ||||||||||
| Unemployment | 0.0659* | 0.0199 | −0.0044 | 0.0483* | 0.1160*** | 0.0947*** | 0.0904*** | 0.1270*** | 0.0423 | 0.0572** | 0.0552** | 0.0871*** |
| (0.0371) | (0.0292) | (0.0267) | (0.0269) | (0.0373) | (0.0297) | (0.0275) | (0.0271) | (0.0358) | (0.0287) | (0.0266) | (0.0261) | |
| Female | 0.0596** | 0.0651*** | 0.0609*** | 0.0591*** | 0.1090*** | 0.1140*** | 0.1070*** | 0.1060*** | 0.0819*** | 0.0893*** | 0.0858*** | 0.0865*** |
| (0.0279) | (0.0233) | (0.0218) | (0.0221) | (0.0284) | (0.0238) | (0.0223) | (0.0224) | (0.0285) | (0.0236) | (0.0222) | (0.0223) | |
| Age | −0.0046*** | −0.0039*** | −0.0034*** | −0.0039*** | −0.0031*** | −0.0029*** | −0.0028*** | −0.0031*** | −0.0017* | −0.0018** | −0.0019** | −0.0019** |
| (0.0009) | (0.0008) | (0.0007) | (0.0007) | (0.0010) | (0.0008) | (0.0007) | (0.0007) | (0.0010) | (0.0008) | (0.0007) | (0.0008) | |
| Migrant | −0.0636 | −0.0832* | −0.0975** | −0.0850** | −0.0855 | −0.0908* | −0.0803* | −0.0777* | −0.1550*** | −0.1170** | −0.1360*** | −0.1210*** |
| (0.0517) | (0.0432) | (0.0415) | (0.0407) | (0.0548) | (0.0477) | (0.0453) | (0.0440) | (0.0576) | (0.0490) | (0.0472) | (0.0466) | |
| Children in household | −0.0343 | −0.0206 | −0.0281 | −0.0187 | 0.0281 | 0.0379 | 0.0335 | 0.0372 | 0.0330 | 0.0471* | 0.0380 | 0.0361 |
| (0.0304) | (0.0259) | (0.0243) | (0.0247) | (0.0311) | (0.0261) | (0.0247) | (0.0249) | (0.0302) | (0.0252) | (0.0240) | (0.0240) | |
| Household head | 0.0217 | 0.0349 | 0.0294 | 0.0311 | −0.0337 | −0.0291 | −0.0303 | −0.0291 | −0.0231 | −0.0194 | −0.0173 | −0.0185 |
| (0.0297) | (0.0248) | (0.0234) | (0.0235) | (0.0303) | (0.0256) | (0.0239) | (0.0240) | (0.0305) | (0.0252) | (0.0239) | (0.0238) | |
| ln (1 + Income pre-pandemic) | −0.0172** | −0.0099* | −0.0073 | −0.0132** | −0.0050 | 0.0009 | 0.0041 | 0.0005 | −0.0071 | −0.0039 | −0.0027 | −0.0059 |
| (0.0073) | (0.0057) | (0.0054) | (0.00545) | (0.0070) | (0.0054) | (0.0049) | (0.0049) | (0.0076) | (0.0058) | (0.0054) | (0.0052) | |
| Conflicts at home | 0.1970*** | 0.1880*** | 0.1650*** | 0.195*** | 0.2310*** | 0.2280*** | 0.2210*** | 0.2410*** | 0.3000*** | 0.2920*** | 0.2750*** | 0.2870*** |
| (0.0319) | (0.0265) | (0.0249) | (0.0249) | (0.0316) | (0.0262) | (0.0248) | (0.0246) | (0.0294) | (0.0243) | (0.0231) | (0.0228) | |
| Mortgage loans | 0.0611* | 0.0926*** | 0.0952*** | |||||||||
| (0.0326) | (0.0326) | (0.0312) | ||||||||||
| Consumer debt | 0.1190*** | 0.0932*** | 0.0987*** | |||||||||
| (0.0239) | (0.0246) | (0.0243) | ||||||||||
| Basic goods and services | 0.0937*** | 0.0701*** | 0.0644*** | |||||||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0105) | (0.0098) | ||||||||||
| Lack of savings | 0.0517** | 0.0584** | 0.0958*** | |||||||||
| (0.0228) | (0.0234) | (0.0237) | ||||||||||
| Observations | 1,201 | 1,736 | 1,919 | 1,947 | 1,201 | 1,736 | 1,919 | 1,947 | 1,201 | 1,736 | 1,919 | 1,947 |
| R-squared | 0.096 | 0.103 | 0.123 | 0.084 | 0.134 | 0.136 | 0.151 | 0.131 | 0.145 | 0.148 | 0.155 | 0.142 |
| Education level | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| District fixed effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Note: This table reports estimates from a linear probability model (LPM) of the probability of experiencing a range of mental health problems against the independent variables. For mental health problems, we create an indicator variable equal to 1 if the individual reports feeling poor or very poor well-being. We also create a dummy variable for sleep problems during the last week. Finally, we include an indicator for well-being deterioration that is equal to 1 if the individual reports that her well-being or mental health has worsened relative to February (before the pandemic). All regressions control for education and region dummy variables. Heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, and * indicate significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.