Table 3.
Psychiatric comorbidities and risk of cardiovascular diseases among individuals with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI adjusted for covariates
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| No ADHD | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ADHD only | 1.82 (1.68‐1.97) | 1.72 (1.59‐1.86) |
| ADHD plus any comorbidity | 2.13 (2.04‐2.22) | 1.87 (1.79‐1.95) |
| ADHD plus anxiety disorders | 2.22 (2.09‐2.36) | 1.92 (1.81‐2.04) |
| ADHD plus autism spectrum disorder | 1.55 (1.36‐1.77) | 1.34 (1.17‐1.53) |
| ADHD plus bipolar disorder | 1.87 (1.69‐2.07) | 1.64 (1.48‐1.81) |
| ADHD plus conduct disorder | 2.79 (2.00‐3.91) | 2.39 (1.71‐3.35) |
| ADHD plus depressive disorder | 2.05 (1.93‐2.17) | 1.77 (1.67‐1.88) |
| ADHD plus eating disorders | 2.75 (2.14‐3.54) | 2.21 (1.72‐2.85) |
| ADHD plus intellectual disability | 2.21 (1.79‐2.72) | 1.67 (1.36‐2.06) |
| ADHD plus personality disorders | 2.25 (2.08‐2.43) | 1.92 (1.77‐2.07) |
| ADHD plus schizophrenia | 1.87 (1.49‐2.35) | 1.59 (1.27‐2.00) |
| ADHD plus substance use disorders | 2.53 (2.40‐2.67) | 2.20 (2.09‐2.33) |
Model 1: adjusted for sex and year of birth; model 2: adjusted for sex, year of birth, education level, birth country, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, sleep problems and heavy smoking