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. 2022 Aug 23;7(35):30673–30699. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03311

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Rheological behavior of the liquid crystalline state of CNC in suspension and gel form. (a) Detailed phase diagram showing the isotropic, biphasic, liquid crystal, repellent glass, liquid crystal, and hydroglass states of CNC as a function of interaction strength and solid content of CNC. Salt causes liquid crystalline layers to melt gradually. The line linking C-A-D-B depicts the gradual transition of the system from a liquid crystalline state to a gel state, and the red stacks represent LCs. Adapted with permission from ref (182). Copyright 2019. American Chemical Society. (b) CNC self-assembly with rising concentration in a suspended at rest suspension (top row) and matching assembly in shear (bottom row). Adapted with permission from ref (182). Copyright 2019. American Chemical Society. (c) Hydroglass behavior that is shear-dependent: when shear is increased, the proportion of liquid crystals in the biphasic mixture of crystals and individual particles grows. (d) Displays the length scale of observations, the associated CNC structures, and suggested rheological methods for investigating these structures. (e) Visual representation of the viscoelastic properties of hydroglass and LCs, which are unable to disperse strain brought about by converting “UQ” into a liquid crystalline state. Due to the sluggish dynamics of the mixing of LCs and isotropic particles, as previously discussed in the glass-jammed and gel state, the amount of dissipation reduces as the attraction intensity increases (see Figure 2b). Adapted with permission from ref (182). Copyright 2019. American Chemical Society. (f) Linked behavior of hydroglass is illustrated schematically and graphically, and more liquid crystals develop because of orientation. (g) Rheo-SAXS/WAXS/SANS setups and rheo-SALS generic representations. Specifics like differences in SAXS and WAXS detector locations and beam stops have been left out. There are several possible building alternatives depending on the design. Adapted with permission from ref (182). Copyright 2019. American Chemical Society. (h) Display of CNC birefringence patterns using a custom transmission mode arrangement similar to those described elsewhere. Adapted with permission from ref (182). Copyright 2019. American Chemical Society.