TABLE 4.

Psychological manifestations among doctors, nurses and other health personnel (China, 2021).

Characteristics	Total (n = 1,263)	Doctor (n = 396)	Nurse (n = 573)	Other health personnel (n = 294)	p-value a
Total DASS-21 depression sub-scale score	5.85 ± 6.99	5.44 ± 6.54	6.49 ± 7.48	5.17 ± 6.49	0.016
Don’t feel any pleasure or comfort at all	0.60 ± 0.72	0.55 ± 0.66	0.65 ± 0.77	0.57 ± 0.69	0.228
Difficulties taking the initiative at work	0.46 ± 0.67	0.40 ± 0.60	0.54 ± 0.72	0.40 ± 0.63	0.004
I feel that I have nothing to look forward to in the near future	0.50 ± 0.71	0.47 ± 0.70	0.55 ± 0.75	0.43 ± 0.65	0.071
I feel depressed	0.52 ± 0.68	0.49 ± 0.65	0.57 ± 0.70	0.45 ± 0.66	0.020
Unable to become enthusiastic	0.45 ± 0.67	0.44 ± 0.64	0.50 ± 0.70	0.37 ± 0.62	0.030
I feel I am not worth much	0.15 ± 0.45	0.16 ± 0.45	0.16 ± 0.48	0.13 ± 0.39	0.776
I feel life is meaningless	0.24 ± 0.55	0.20 ± 0.48	0.28 ± 0.61	0.22 ± 0.54	0.155
Total DASS-21 anxiety sub-scale score	6.15 ± 7.04	5.70 ± 6.48	6.66 ± 7.62	5.76 ± 6.51	0.169
I feel dry mouth	0.66 ± 0.75	0.62 ± 0.69	0.69 ± 0.78	0.66 ± 0.76	0.496
I have difficulty breathing (wheezing or breathless)	0.36 ± 0.61	0.37 ± 0.57	0.39 ± 0.65	0.30 ± 0.55	0.105
I feel trembling (for example, shaking hands)	0.28 ± 0.57	0.27 ± 0.54	0.30 ± 0.61	0.25 ± 0.51	0.760
I worry about occasions that might make me panic or make a fool of myself	0.68 ± 0.73	0.62 ± 0.67	0.71 ± 0.75	0.68 ± 0.75	0.333
I feel about to collapse	0.38 ± 0.64	0.33 ± 0.60	0.44 ± 0.70	0.33 ± 0.56	0.021
Even when there is no obvious physical activity, I feel my heart rhythm is abnormal	0.38 ± 0.66	0.34 ± 0.61	0.42 ± 0.72	0.35 ± 0.61	0.469
I feel scared for no reason	0.33 ± 0.62	0.30 ± 0.55	0.37 ± 0.67	0.31 ± 0.59	0.383
Total DASS-21 stress sub-scale score	7.77 ± 7.91	7.04 ± 7.26	8.65 ± 8.55	7.05 ± 7.29	0.011
I find it difficult to calm myself down	0.56 ± 0.68	0.48 ± 0.60	0.64 ± 0.75	0.53 ± 0.61	0.020
I tend to over-react	0.40 ± 0.64	0.37 ± 0.60	0.45 ± 0.68	0.36 ± 0.61	0.070
I feel that I am using a lot of energy	0.73 ± 0.80	0.64 ± 0.70	0.82 ± 0.87	0.69 ± 0.75	0.014
I feel uneasy	0.48 ± 0.66	0.45 ± 0.61	0.52 ± 0.70	0.45 ± 0.65	0.285
I find it hard to relax	0.60 ± 0.74	0.57 ± 0.70	0.68 ± 0.79	0.49 ± 0.68	0.003
I can’t tolerate anything that prevents me from continuing to work	0.55 ± 0.73	0.50 ± 0.68	0.60 ± 0.76	0.51 ± 0.71	0.080
I found that I was easily offended	0.56 ± 0.72	0.52 ± 0.70	0.62 ± 0.77	0.50 ± 0.64	0.066
Total PC-PTSD-5 scale (last 6 months) score	0.59 ± 1.27	0.53 ± 1.21	0.66 ± 1.35	0.56 ± 1.19	0.352
Often have nightmares or always thinking about COVID-19 inadvertently	0.13 ± 0.34	0.11 ± 0.31	0.14 ± 0.35	0.12 ± 0.33	0.238
Often try to avoid thinking of the COVID-19 pandemic, or try to avoid scenarios that remind you of it	0.13 ± 0.34	0.12 ± 0.32	0.14 ± 0.35	0.12 ± 0.32	0.394
Had been on alert, vigilant or often easily frightened	0.15 ± 0.35	0.13 ± 0.34	0.15 ± 0.36	0.15 ± 0.35	0.693
Had often felt numb or out of touch with people, activities or surroundings	0.12 ± 0.33	0.11 ± 0.32	0.13 ± 0.34	0.08 ± 0.32	0.562
Feel guilty or often blame yourself for COVID-19 and related things	0.07 ± 0.25	0.05 ± 0.22	0.08 ± 0.28	0.06 ± 0.24	0.184
PHQ-9 item 9
Have you ever hoped that you died, or that could fall asleep and never wake up again?	0.08 ± 0.276	0.06 ± 0.23	0.10 ± 0.30	0.09 ± 0.28	0.412

p-values in bold indicate significant differences among groups.

^aObtained from the comparison among occupations using the Kruskal Wallis H Test.