Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Mid-pregnancy (n = 137) | Late pregnancy (n = 144) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable (n = 281) | N (%) or Mean (SD) |
Range | N (%) or Mean (SD) |
Range | p | |
| Age | 30.7 (3.6) | 20–38 | 30.8 (3.8) | 21–48 | .770 | |
| Gestational period (week) | 22.6 (3.8) | 14.3–27.9 | 32.7 (3.05) | 28.0–39.0 | < .001 | |
| Planned | No | 47 (34.6) | 48 (33.8) | .894 | ||
| pregnancy | Yes | 89 (65.4) | 94 (66.2) | |||
| Education | ≤ High school | 19 (13.9) | 25 (17.5) | .538 | ||
| College | 99 (72.3) | 103 (72.0) | ||||
| Graduate | 19 (13.9) | 15 (10.5) | .288 | |||
| Employment | No | 105 (77.2) | 101 (71.6) | |||
| Yes | 31 (22.8) | 40 (28.4) | ||||
| Household income | Very low | 15 (11.0) | 19 (13.9) | .897 | ||
| Low | 88 (64.7) | 85 (62.0) | ||||
| Middle | 24 (17.6) | 25 (18.2) | ||||
| High | 9 (6.6) | 8 (5.8) | ||||
| Regular | No | 83 (60.6) | 76 (52.8) | .282 | ||
| exercise | Yes | 54 (39.4) | 67 (46.5) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | Underweight | 19 (13.9) | 25 (17.4) | .142 | ||
| BMI | Healthy weight | 90 (65.7) | 93 (64.6) | |||
| Overweight | 9 (6.6) | 16 (11.1) | ||||
| Obese | 19 (13.9) | 10 (6.9) | ||||
| Sleep quality | Good (≤ 5) | 59 (43.4) | 46 (32.2) | 0.53 | ||
| Poor (≥ 6) | 77 (56.6) | 97 (67.8) | ||||
| Depressive symptoms | 9.5 (7.3) | 0–34 | 10.9 (8.4) | 0–38 | .135 | |
| Pregnancy stress | 51.7 (10.1) | 28–82 | 51.3 (11.4) | 20–95 | .749 | |
SD Standard deviation, BMI Body mass index