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. 2022 Aug 31;14(17):4264. doi: 10.3390/cancers14174264

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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RTKs: receptor tyrosine kinases; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor; IGF-R1: insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; RAS: Rat sarcoma (reflecting how the first member of the RAS gene family was discovered); BRAF: v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Elk-1: ETS (erythroblast transformation specific) like-1 protein; c-Myc: c-myelocytomatosis oncogene product; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; PDK1: 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin: BRAF*: mutated BRAF.