Table 1.

Summary of published studies on changes in the lipidome and cholesterol metabolism in cancer-associated immune cells.

Specific Cell Type	Specific Cancer Type (If Known)	Impact of Lipid Metabolism on Immune Cells	Reference
CD8+ T-cells		Cholesterol content in tumor microenvironment increased expression of immune checkpoints leading to T-cell exhaustion. Cholesterol depletion restore the activity	Ma et al., 2019 [87]
Anticancer Tc9 cells (CD8+ T-cells)		Cholesterol depletion increased antitumor activity	Ma et al., 2018 [88]
CD8+ T-cells		Cholesterol in cancer cell’s plasma memrane decrease CD8+ cytotoxicity	Lei et al., 2021 [89]
CD8+ T-cells	melanoma (in a mouse model)	Inhibition of acetyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase increased proliferation of CD8+ T-cells	Yang et al., 2016 [90]
CD8+ T-cells	Liver carcinoma cells	Inhibition on cholesterol acyltransferase increased the amount of CD8+ T-cells and restorored CD8+ exhausted T-cell activity	Schmidt et al., 2021 [91]
T-cells	breast cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma	Inhibition of protein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 decreased tumor growth and mortality in mice by reducing cholesterol metabolism and increasing T-cell infiltration in the tumors	Liu et al., 2020 [92]
Treg cells	melanoma (in a mouse model)	Lipid associated metabolic pathways by SREBP activity were enriched in tumors’ Treg cells. Inhibition of SREBP activity in Treg cells decreased tumor growth	Lim et al., 2021 [83]
T cells and tumor-associated macrophages		Treg cells were able to activate tumor associated macrophages by modulating interferon γ secretion in CD8+ T-cells	Liu et al., 2019 [84]
CD4+ T-cells	Prostate cancer	Condition median from obesity-modified CD4+ T cells (decreased expression of IFNγ and IL-2 and increased expression of IL-6) increased the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and showed a higher invasive and migratory capacity	De Angulo et al., 2022 [94]
Macrophages	Prostate cancer	Macrophages were associated with cholesterol transport and androgen synthesis in prostate cancer cells	El-Kenawi et al., 2021 [95]
Macrophages’ polarization		In ABCG1 (transporter which efflux cholesterol from the cells) knockdown mouse strain, macrophage polarization switch from tumor-promoting M2 to anti-tumor-promoting M1 phenotype	Sag et al., 2015 [96]
Macrophages’ polarization		Inhibition of ABCG1 in human macrophages switch polarization from tumor-promoting M2 to anti-tumor-promoting M1 phenotype. Stimulation with HDL also downregulated polarization to M1 phenotype	Lee et al., 2016 [97]
Macrophages	Prostate cancer	Cancer cell derived IL-1β enhanced expression of scavenger receptor, marco, on subset of macrophages. This was associated with prostate cancer progression and shorter disease-free survival. Marco was shown to regulate accumulation of lipids into the macrophages	Masetti et al., 2022 [98]
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and macrophages	Prostate cancer	In mice fed with high-fat diet, number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and ratio of M2/M1 macrophages were increased	Hayashi et al., 2018 [99]