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. 2022 Aug 31;11(17):2718. doi: 10.3390/cells11172718

Table 2.

Bacterial metabolites with potential implication in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) pathogenesis.

Metabolite Source Involved Bacteria Effect Reference
Secondary bile acids LCA and DCA Primary bile
Acids		 Clostridium sp.
Lactobacillus
Enterococcus
Bifidobacterium
Bacteroides 		More hydrophobic/toxic molecules?
Easier reabsorption,
reduction of gut bile salt concentration?
Less FXR activation than CDCAHigher TGR5 activation than CDCA and CA		 [57]
Short chain fatty acids: butyrate, propionate, acetate Polysaccharides Lachnospiriaceae fam.
Ruminococcacecae fam.
Eubacterium rectale
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Roseburia sp.
Anaerostipes 		Inline graphic gut inflammation
Inline graphic gut barrier
Inline graphic GLP-1 production
Inline graphicInline graphic steatosis		 [26]
Indole Dietary
tryptophan		 Escherichia coli Inline graphic liver macrophage
activation
Inline graphic gut endotoxin		 [58,59,60]
Ethanol Polysaccharides Klebsiella pneumoniae
Escherichia 		Alcohol in the (portal) blood, oxidative stress and liver damage [40,61]
Phenylacetate Phenylalanine Proteobacteria Inline graphic steatosis [39]
Trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA) Trimethyllysine Enterococcus faecalis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 		Inline graphic steatosis [62]
Succinate Polysaccharides Prevotellaceae
Veillonellaceae		 Controversial data [63]

LCA: lithocholic acid; DCA: deoxycholic acid; CDCA: chenodeoxycholic acid; CA: cholic acid; FXR: farnesoid X receptor; TGR5: Takeda G-coupled receptor 5.