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. 2022 Aug 27;11(17):2663. doi: 10.3390/cells11172663

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Contribution of oxidative stress in calcific aortic valve disease. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD); the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV); reactive oxygen species (ROS); low-density lipoproteins (LDL); lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)); vascular endothelial cells (VECs); valvular interstitial cells (VICs); nitric oxide synthases (NOS); superoxide dismutase (SOD); receptor activator of NF- kB ligand superfamily member 11 (RANKL); transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).