Table 1.

Human trials of therapeutic strategies via OS in CAVD.

Study and Refs.	Compound	Administration and Doses/Researched Cells	Salient Findings
Clinical Trials
ASTRONOMER [101]	Rosuvastatin vs. placebo	40 mg/day	-Lp(a) and OxPL-apoB levels are associated with faster AS progression; -OxPL-apoB levels were higher after one year in the rosuvastatin arm.
RAAVE [102]	Rosuvastatin vs. placebo	20 mg/day	-Precocious statin treatment is more effective in the progression of aortic valve stenosis.
SALTIRE [103]	Atorvastatin vs. placebo	80 mg/day	-Intensive lipid-lowering therapy delays the progression of calcific aortic stenosis.
SEAS [104]	Simvastatin + Ezetimibe vs. placebo	40 mg + 10 mg/day	-No reduction in valvular or ischemic events in patients with aortic stenosis.
FOURIER [115,117]	Evolocumab	140 mg every 2 weeks or 420 mg every month	-After 1-year of reduced LDL cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events; -Higher Lp(a) levels were associated with a higher risk of AS events.
GLAGOV [118]	Evolocumab	420 mg every month	-Added statin treatment in angiographic coronary artery disease decreased atheroma volume.

Subcutaneously (sq); human valve interstitial cells (hVICs); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); diabetic human aortic endothelial cells (D-HAEC); Hengshun aromatic vinegar (HSAV); malondialdehyde (MDA); glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ); homocysteine (Hcy); endothelin 1 (ET-1).