Table 2.

Human experimental research of therapeutic strategies via OS in CAVD.

Refs.	Compound	Administration and Doses/Researched Cells	Salient Findings
Experimental Human Studies
[120]	IONIS-APO(a)Rx vs. placebo	100 mg, 200 mg, and then 300 mg once a week for 4 weeks each /1 dose of 10–120 mg sq /multiple doses of 10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg sq	-Reduced Lp(a) levels in a dose-dependent manner.
[137]	Curcumin	hVICs	-Inhibition of NF-κB, AKT, ERK.
[141]	Cardamonin	In Vitro: hVICs Ex Vivo: human aortic valve leaflet	-Inhibition of VIC osteogenic differentiation through the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
[145]	Caffeic Acid	hVICs	-Inhibition of the ERK/AKT/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
[152]	Quercetin	HUVECs	-Attenuated atherosclerotic inflammation and adhesion molecule expression by the TLR-NF-κB pathway.
[26]	Anthocyanins	D-HAEC	-Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
[169]	Andrographolide	hVICs (from patients undergoing Bentall surgery due to acute type I aortic dissection)	-Inhibition of the NF-κB/Akt/ERK pathway.
[176]	HSAV	HUVECs	-Inhibited apoptosis, decreased serum Hcy, ET-1), ox-LDL levels, MDA level; -Increased NO, eNOS, SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px levels; -Downregulated the expression of PKCζ and regulated the SIRT1-mediated pathway.
[178]	L-carnitine	Patients with RVHD with CPB-induced MIRI (myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury)	-Increased levels of SOD, CAT; -Suppressed activation of NF-κB and Nrf2.
[24]	Adenoviral SOD delivery	hVIC	-Reduced VIC osteoblastic differentiation by reducing RUNX2, MSX2, and OPN.
[23,181]	CNPs	hVIC	-Scavenged ROS, acted as SOD-mimetics, and reduced VIC osteoblastic differentiation.

Subcutaneously (sq); human valve interstitial cells (hVICs); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); diabetic human aortic endothelial cells (D-HAEC); Hengshun aromatic vinegar (HSAV); malondialdehyde (MDA); glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ); homocysteine (Hcy); endothelin 1 (ET-1).