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. 2022 Aug 31;12(17):2257. doi: 10.3390/ani12172257

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Route of nociceptive transmission from the peripheral nerves to the CNS, beginning with transduction of a nociceptive stimulus during a dogfight. Abbreviations: ASP: aspartate; BK: bradykinin; CA: catecholamines; CGRP: calcitonin-gene-related peptide; GLU: glutamate; H: histamine; H⁺: hydrogen; IL: interleukin; K⁺: potassium; LT: leukotrienes; NT: neurotrophins; PAF: platelet-activating factor; PC: prostacyclin; PG: prostaglandin; ROS: free radicals; SP: substance P; TNFα: tumoral necrosis factor; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1; TX: thromboxane; 5HT: serotonin Johnson et al. [50], Hernández-Avalos et al. [51], Imlan et al. [52], Youn et al. [53], and Mota-Rojas et al. [54]).