Table 1.

Classification of neurological conditions using VITAMIN D acronym.

Neurological Disease Category	Large Animal Example	Translational Relevance	Reference(s)
	Cerebrovascular accident	Ischaemic stroke	[34]
Vascular	Amyloid angiopathy with cerebral haemorrhage in dogs	Haemorrhagic stroke	[35]
	Listeriosis in sheep (infection of the trigeminal nerve and associated brainstem nuclei by Listeria monocytogenes	Listeriosis	[36]
	Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (presumed immune-mediated) in dogs	Autoimmune encephalitis	[37]
		Primary progressive multiple sclerosis	[38]
	Anti-NMDAR encephalitis in dogs and bears	Anti-NMDAR encephalitis aka “brain on fire”	[39,40,41]
Infectious/inflammatory	Toxoplasma-induced encephalitis in utero leading to abortion due to livestock feed contamination with cat faeces	Toxoplasma encephalitis	[42,43]
	Vertebral osteomyelitis in sheep and cattle	Vertebral osteomyelitis	[44]
	Rabies	Rabies	[45]
	West Nile encephalomyelitis in horses	West Nile meningoencephalitis	[46]
	Cysticercosis/taeniasis	Cysticercosis/taeniasis	[47]
	Hydatid disease	Hydatid disease	[48]
	Louping ill	Louping ill	[49]
	Lyme disease	Lyme disease	[50]
	Tick-borne encephalitis	Tick-borne encephalitis	[51]
	Vertebral fracture	Vertebral fracture	[52]
	Peripheral nerve injury	Peripheral nerve injury	[53]
Traumatic	Traumatic brain and spinal cord injury	Traumatic brain and spinal cord injury	[54]
	Cerebellar hypoplasia (inherited or infectious origin)	Dandy-Walker syndrome	[55,56]
	Chiari-like malformation	Chiari-malformation	[57]
	Spina bifida	Spina bifida	[58]
Anomalous	Hydrocephalus (infectious, inherited, nutritional or toxic origin)	Hydrocephalus	[59]
	Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in foals or birth asphyxia in calves	Neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy	[60]
	Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (chewing disease) causes a Parkonsonian-like phenotype due to ingestion of toxic Russian knapweed	Movement disorder	[54]
Metabolic/toxic	Closantel toxicity	Demyelinating disorders	[21,61]
	Tetanus and botulism	Tetanus and botulism	[62]
	Organophosphate intoxication	Organophosphate intoxication	[63]
	Spastic paresis in cattle (hereditary)	Spastic paresis	[64]
Idiopathic	Epilepsy	Epilepsy	[65,66]
	Narcolepsy/cataplexy	Narcolepsy/cataplexy	[67]
	Brain tumours (intra and extra axial) e.g., glioma, meningioma	Brain tumours (intra and extra axial)	[54]
	Lymphosarcoma leading to spinal ataxia (caused by bovine leukaemia virus)	Spinal lympoma	[68]
Neoplastic/nutrional	Swayback (enzootic ataxia) in lambs due to copper deficiency in the ewe during pregnancy	Menkes syndrome	[69]
	Thiamine deficiency in ruminants leading to polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis)	Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome	[70]
	Prion disease (scrapie in sheep; bovine spongiform encephalopathy in catlle)	Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD), variant CJD (vCJD), Kuru, Gerstmann- Sträussler–Scheinker (GSS)	[71,72]
Degenerative	Cerebellar abiotrophy (often hereditary in ruminants)	Cerebellar abiotrophy	[73]
	Lysosomal storage diseases (CLN5 & 6 in sheep, CLN2 in dogs, Sandhoff disease in cats, Tay-Sachs disease)	Lysosomal storage diseases	[74,75,76,77,78]
	Canine degenerative myelopathy (multi-system central and peripheral axonopathy in senior dogs 8 years+)	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and motor neurone disease (MND)	[79]
	Spinal muscular atrophy in brown swiss calves	Spinal muscular atrophy	[80]