Skip to main content
. 2022 Aug 25;13:945709. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945709

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Main effect of musical activity on multi-domain cognitive abilities. Significant group differences were found for global cognition (A, GLOBAL), working memory (C, WM), executive function (D, EXEC), language (E, LAN), and visuospatial abilities (F, VIS). These multi-domain cognitive abilities were enhanced for participants with musical activity (MA+, blue) compared to controls (no musical activity across lifespan, MA-, gray). The association was not significant for the learning and memory composite (B, MEM). Boxplots display unadjusted data with individual data points. The “notch” shows the median with 95% confidence intervals and interquartile range with lower (25th) and upper percentiles (75th). Significance levels (uncorrected): ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. MA+, musical activity; MA–, no musical activity.