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. 2022 Aug 25;13:945709. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945709

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Moderation of musical activity in the frontal region. A significant moderation of musical activity was observed for global cognition (A, GLOBAL), working memory (C, WM), and language abilities (E, LAN), such that larger frontal GMV was associated with better global in participants with musical activity (MA+, blue) compared to controls (MA–, gray). This interaction was not significant for learning and memory (B, MEM), executive functions (D, EXEC), and visuospatial abilities (F, VIS). Individual data points (dots and triangles), linear trends (solid lines), 95% confidence intervals (shaded areas), and standardized regression coefficients (β) within each group are provided. Gray vertical lines display the 90th percentile of the prefrontal GMV distribution in AD patients of the DELCODE study. Significance levels (uncorrected): ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01. GMV, gray matter volume; MA+, musical activity; MA–, no musical activity; TIV, total intracranial volume.