Table 1.

List of miRNAs involved in the pathophysiology of GDM.

miRNA Isoform	Functional Role	References
miR-222	The downregulated miR-222 and upregulated CXCR4 promotes insulin sensitivity and inhibits apoptosis in GDM.	Shi et al., 2014 [105]
miR-98	Upregulation of miR-98 in the placental tissues of human GDM is linked to the global DNA methylation via targeting MECP2.	Cao et al., 2016 [106]
miR-518d	Increased expression of miR-518d is correlated with decreased protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), a nuclear hormone receptor controlling glucose homeostasis.	Zhao et al., 2021 [100]
miR-340	Insulin increased and glucose reduced miR-340 expression in GDM-affected women.	Stirm et al., 2018 [107]
miR-130b	This miR reflects the degree of obesity and serves as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of GDM.	Wang et al., 2013 [108]
miR-148a	Regulates AMPKα1 activity (AMPK activity is significantly reduced in adipose tissue and the skeletal muscle of GDM-affected women).	Tryggestad et al., 2016 [109]
miR-144	Upregulated in GDM-affected pregnant women.	Collares et al., 2013 [110]; Juchnicka et al., 2022 [111]
miR-517-5p	Expressed specifically in placenta; potential role in GDM pathogenesis.	Wander et al., 2017 [112]
miR-21-5p	Placental miR-21-5p expression inhibits cell growth and infiltration by upregulating PPAR-α. It is downregulated in GDM, thereby affecting the placental function.	Guan et al., 2020 [113]
miR-146b-5p	Has a pivotal role in pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications; associated only with GDM-affected patients carrying male foetuses	Zhu et al., 2018 [114]
miR-210-3p	Impairs pancreatic β-cell function by targeting Dtx1 in GDM	Cao et al., 2022 [115]
miR-222-3p	Upregulated expression of miR-222-3p is a potential circulating biomarker for the pathogenesis of GDM	Sadeghzadeh et al., 2020 [116]