Table 2.

In vivo and in vitro models relevant to GDM study.

Experimental Model	Species	Model Type	Experimental Features	References
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Model.	Rat	In vivo	To study pathophysiology of GDM	Damasceno et al., 2014 [127]
C57BL/6	Mouse	In vivo	Pregestational DM defined by non-fasting BG > 13.3 mmol/L	Chang et al., 2005 [128]
db/db	Mouse	In vivo	Obese, insulin resistant model with elevated glucose level; target gene is ObR gene.	Yamashita et al., 2001 [129]
PrlR±	Mouse	In vivo	Target gene is PrlR gene. Decreased β-cells, decreased tolerance to glucose; repressed insulin secretion; impaired glucose homeostasis.	Nteeba et al., 2019 [130]
HTR2b−/−	Mouse	In vivo	Target Gene is 5-HTR2b; decreased β-cell proliferation; high glucose intolerance.	Baeyens et al., 2016 [131]
CD1	Mouse	In vivo	Pregestational DM defined by non-fasting BG > 17.0 mmol/L	Ge et al., 2014 [132]
Murine β-cell lines	Rat/Mouse	In vitro	Easy to culture; good option to test drugs and study cell physiology	Lilao-Garzón et al., 2021 [117]
Human pancreatic islets	Human	In vitro	Maintain the islet structure and all cell types; used to study the biology of the human pancreas.	Lilao-Garzón et al., 2021 [117]