Table 2.
Summary of quantification findings in terms of total phenolic, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, and total tannin content in different pomegranate parts and products.
| PG Part or Product |
Solvent | Variety | Country | TPC | TAC | TFC | TPA | TT | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data is presented in mg/L | |||||||||
| Juice | Aqueous | Malase Ashkzar |
Iran | 8130 ± 0.1 | 654,830 ± 0.1 | ni | ni | ni | [43] |
| Sweet Aalak | 2380 ± 0.0 | 815 ± 0.0 | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Sooleghan | 7440 ± 0.1 | 5980 ± 0.1 | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Malase Ardestan |
7920 ± 0.1 | 6430 ± 0.2 | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Saveh Black Leather | 4200 ± 0.2 | 2750 ± 0.1 | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Ardestan Black Leather | 5820 ± 0.1 | 4330 ± 0.0 | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Saveh Sweet White Leather | 5490 ± 0.2 | 4070 ± 0.2 | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Ostokhani Tabas | 9300 ± 0.1 | 7760 ± 0.1 | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Juice | Aqueous | RPS | 1018 ± 22.1 | 0.87 ± 0.1 | 104.2 ± 12.5 | ni | 3.05 ± 0.34 | [44] | |
| RPGH | 1082 ± 12.8 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 259.6 ± 9 | ni | 2.22 ± 0.9 | ||||
| ZZ | 960 ± 17. 5 | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 282.1 ± 11.0 | ni | 6.33 ± 0.1 | ||||
| SZ | 1026 ± 21.3 | 8.22 ± 1.9 | 342 ± 12.1 | ni | 4.12 ± 0.8 | ||||
| MY | 706 ± 23.9 | 0.63 ± 0.2 | 320.6 ± 9.9 | ni | 5.21 ± 1.1 | ||||
| MS | 1062 ± 14.1 | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 14.3 ± 4.8 | ni | 6.55 ± 0.5 | ||||
| B | 896 ± 12.1 | 1.13 ± 0.2 | 100 ± 10.1 | ni | 1.01 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Skin | Methanol | RPS | 785 ± 11.1 | 6.40 ± 1.3 | 749.5 ± 15.8 | ni | 3.23 ± 0.2 | ||
| RPGH | 645 ± 31.1 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 328.2 ± 13.9 | ni | 4.46 ± 1 | ||||
| ZZ | 671 ± 20.02 | 1.57 ± 0.5 | 587.2 ± 10.2 | ni | 1.09 ± 0.7 | ||||
| SZ | 705 ± 23.3 | 1.69 ± 0.6 | 930 ± 16 | ni | 2.43 ± 1 | ||||
| MY | 553 ± 12.5 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 502.4 ± 9.1 | ni | 4.43 ± 2.4 | ||||
| MS | 597 ± 18.8 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 382.1 ± 17.5 | ni | 4.22 ± 2.2 | ||||
| B | 783 ± 10.02 | 11.20 ± 2.4 | 712.7 ± 9 | ni | 4.1 ± 0.8 | ||||
| Juice | Aqueous | unknown cultivar | Germany | 2015.2 ± 21.6 | 198.3 ± 0.8 | ni | 6.9 ± 0.0 a 21.4 ± 0.9 b |
423.8 ± 15.3 | [45] |
| 5186.0 ± 172.5 | 124.2 ± 2.2 | ni | 1.1 ± 0.0 a b: nd |
2074.4 ± 47.3 | |||||
| 2122.0 ± 0.0 | 557.7 ± 48.3 | ni | 10.6 ± 0.3 a 28.3 ± 1.4 b |
93.2 ± 3.6 | |||||
| Juice | Aqueous | Ermioni variety |
Greece | 1271 ± 40 | 382.8 ± 0.1 | ni | ni | ni | [46] |
| Data is presented in mg/kg | |||||||||
| Peel | Ethanol, formic acid, MeOH, water, and acetonitrile |
Italian cultivar | Italy | - | not detected | 16,156.4 ± 7450.9 | 5285.6 ± 9316.1 | ni | [47] |
| Pulp | - | 264.3 ± 184.7 | 344.4 ± 281.4 | 77.4 ± 33.3 | ni | ||||
| Peel | Aqueous | unknown cultivar |
Germany | 44,261.5 ± 414.0 | 447.1 ± 11.3 | ni | 270.4 ± 18.5 a b: nd |
43,991.2 ± 395.5 c | [45] |
| Mesocarp | 40,625.1 ± 4434.7 | nd | ni | a: nd b: nd |
40,625.1 ± 4434.7 c | ||||
| Data is presented in mg/g | |||||||||
| Peel | Ethanol, formic acid, methanol, water, and acetonitrile | Gaeta 1 | Italy | 179.92 ± 1.31 | - | - | - | ni | [47] |
| Gaeta 3 | 244.61 ± 1.41 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Gaeta 4 | 182.15 ± 1.57 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Tordimonte A | 89.68 ± 0.61 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Itri A | 141.14 ± 0.45 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Wonderful | 137.28 ± 1.19 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Formia | 191.59 ± 3.38 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Pulp | Gaeta 1 | 8.89 ± 0.08 | - | - | - | ni | |||
| Gaeta 3 | 5.40 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Gaeta 4 | 4.95 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Tordimonte A | 3.19 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Itri A | 6.11 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Wonderful | 6.14 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Formia | 5.32 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Aril | Aqueous | Unknown cultivar | 0.040 ± 0.0072 | ni | ni | ni | ni | [48] | |
| Ethyl acetate | 0.007 ± 0.0012 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Juice | Aqueous | 0.052 ± 0.0001 | ni | ni | ni | ni | |||
| Ethyl acetate | 0.001 ± 0.0003 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Rind | Aqueous | 0.907 ± 0.0757 | ni | ni | ni | ni | |||
| Ethyl acetate | 0.031 ± 0.0003 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Seed | aqueous | Gabsi variety | Tunisia | 7.94 ± 1.25 | 19.62 ± 3.12 | 3.30 ± 0.52 | ni | 32.86 ± 4.24 c | [49] |
| Leave | 9.85 ± 0.82 | 40.91 ± 3.43 | 12.77 ± 0.23 | ni | 64.40 ± 4.85 c | ||||
| Flower | 42.70 ± 2.17 | 80.20 ± 7.02 | 21.45 ± 0.58 | ni | 57.04 ± 3.41 c | ||||
| Peel | 53.65 ± 4.13 | 51.02 ± 10.33 | 21.03 ± 1.62 | ni | 62.71 ± 11.32 c | ||||
| Seed | Methanol | 11.84 ± 1.92 | 40.84 ± 7.77 c | 6.79 ± 0.57 | ni | 29.57 ± 4.54 c | |||
| Leave | 14.78 ± 2.10 | 89.81 ± 7.50 | 26.08 ± 1.24 | ni | 128.02 ± 4.49 c | ||||
| Flower | 66.29 ± 3.06 | 168.91 ± 3.1 | 72.52 ± 5.59 | ni | 148.24 ± 10.29 c | ||||
| Peel | 85.60 ± 4.87 | 102.20 ± 16.42 | 51.52 ± 8.14 | ni | 139.63 ± 4.25 c | ||||
| Peel | Aqueous | Chelfi variety |
216.9 ± 7.3 | ni | ni | ni | ni | [50] | |
| Fruit | Methanol-water | Unknown cultivar | Algeria | 15.39 ± 0.08 | ni | 12.95 ± 0.07 | ni | ni | [51] |
| Seed | Methanol | Sefri | Morocco (BMR) |
67. 85 ± 1.98 | ni | 1.76 ± 0.02 | ni | ni | [52] |
| Morocco (SR) |
63.34 ± 0.7 | ni | 2.11 ± 0.28 | ni | ni | ||||
| Morocco (BR) |
62.17 ± 3.26 | ni | 1.94 ± 0.00 | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | Morocco (BMR) |
224.39 ± 3 | ni | 62.63 ± 3.23 | ni | ni | |||
| Morocco (SR) |
223.21 ± 15 | ni | 52.12 ± 1.36 | ni | ni | ||||
| Morocco (BR) |
204.58 ± 1.96 | ni | 46.17 ± 2.18 | ni | ni | ||||
| Flowers | Hydromethanolic | Unknown cultivar | Iran | 348.81 ± 5.58 | ni | 225.776 ± 2.93 | ni | ni | [53] |
| Aqueous | 509.83 ± 11.61 | ni | 98.399 ± 1.15 | ni | ni | ||||
| n-Butanol | 866.47 ± 26.61 | ni | 258.127 ± 16.19 | ni | ni | ||||
| Ethyl acetate | 944.75 ± 8.27 | ni | 359.6 ± 13.91 | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | Ethanol | Natanz | 276 ± 12.69 | ni | 36 ±3.56 | ni | ni | [54] | |
| Shahreza | 361 ± 12.87 | ni | 45 ± 6.25 | ni | ni | ||||
| Doorak | 413 ± 16.84 | ni | 54 ± 8.96 | ni | ni | ||||
| Seed | Natanz | 72.4 ± 10.02 | ni | 30.5 ± 6.38 | ni | ni | |||
| Shahreza | 73 ± 13.35 | ni | 7.55 ± 2.12 | ni | ni | ||||
| Doorak | 73 ± 9.45 | ni | 38 ± 6.38 | ni | ni | ||||
| Juice | Ethanol | Natanz | 23.8 ± 6.74 | ni | 1.8 ± 1.03 | ni | ni | ||
| Shahreza | 15.8 ± 5.81 | ni | 2.14 ± 0.92 | ni | ni | ||||
| Doorak | 12.4 ± 5.21 | ni | 8.7 ± 2.47 | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | Methanol-water | Sweet-GP | China | 264.58 ± 8.74 | ni | ni | ni | ni | [55] |
| Flesh | 217.14 ± 16.80 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Seeds | 9.04 ± 1.23 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Juices | 8.62 ± 1.05 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Leaves | 82.31 ± 2.26 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | Sweet-RP (Chinese cultivar) |
231.36 ± 4.40 | ni | ni | ni | ni | |||
| Flesh | 203.20 ± 12.68 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Seeds | 6.17 ± 0.60 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Juices | 6.12 ± 0.91 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Leaves | 75.56 ± 4.39 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | Sour-RP (Chinese cultivar) |
255.31 ± 6.42 | ni | ni | ni | ni | |||
| Flesh | 208.39 ± 6.31 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Seeds | 8.31 ± 0.83 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Juices | 10.36 ± 1.12 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Leaves | 75.61 ± 3.62 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | Sour-YRP | 302.43 ± 9.54 | ni | ni | ni | ni | |||
| Flesh | 272.10 ± 9.98 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Seeds | 12.44 ± 0.96 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Juices | 13.31 ± 0.87 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Leaves | 88.33 ± 1.92 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | Sweet-TRP | 279.76 ± 13.32 | ni | ni | ni | ni | |||
| Flesh | 222.62 ± 7.72 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Seeds | 8.59 ± 1.04 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Juices | 12.91 ± 0.87 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Leaves | 79.10 ± 2.74 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Peel | CE1 | Unknown cultivar |
Algeria | 158.18 ± 0.66 | ni | 12.8 ± 2.2 | ni | - | [56] |
| CE2 | 221.54 ± 1.08 | ni | 30.9 ± 1.6 | ni | - | ||||
| EAF1 | 597.08 ± 3.9 | ni | 135.5 ± 2.0 | ni | - | ||||
| n-BF1 | 413.6 ± 1.48 | ni | 91.1 ± 0.88 | ni | - | ||||
| EAF2 | 602.8 ± 2.41 | ni | 149.4 ± 1.27 | ni | - | ||||
| n-BF2 | 417.56 ± 5.3 | ni | 115.56 ± 1.81 | ni | - | ||||
| Data is presented in µg/mg | |||||||||
| Fruit | Water | Unknown cultivar |
India | 11.99 | ni | ni | ni | ni | [57] |
| Ethanol | 28.13 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Acetone | 6.44 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Ether | 24.13 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Ethanol-Ether | 24.2 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Ethanol-water | 15.12 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Ethanol-Ether-water | 24.5 | ni | ni | ni | ni | ||||
| Data is presented in mg/mL | |||||||||
| Juice | Aqueous | Gaeta 1 | Italy | 1.93 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | ni | [47] |
| Gaeta 3 | 1.34 ± 0.07 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Gaeta 4 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Tordimonte A | 1.22 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Itri A | 1.20 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Wonderful | 1.58 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
| Formia | 1.08 ± 0.06 | - | - | - | ni | ||||
Abbreviations: TPC: total phenolic content; TAC: total anthocyanin content; TFC: total flavonoid content; TPA: total phenolic acids; TT: total tannin; a: total hydroxybenzoic acids; b: total hydroxycinnamic acids; c: total hydrolyzable tannins; BR: Berkane region; BMR: Beni Mellal region; SR: Statte region; MeOH: Methanolic solution; PGS E1: Pomegranate seed extract protected from light; PGS E2: Pomegranate seed extract exposed to light; CE1: hydromethanolic crude extract; ni: not investigated; nd: not detected; -: investigated but reported by another unit; EAF1: ethyl acetate fraction of hydromethanolic crude extract; n-BF1: n-butanol fraction of hydromethanolic crude extract; CE2: aqueous-acetone crude extract; EAF2: ethyl acetate fraction of aqueous-acetone crude extract; n-BF2: n-butanol fraction of aqueous-acetone crude extract.