Effect of GO NSs wt% on the water uptake%, porosity%, contact angle, thickness, and tortuosity of PES/GO MMW FO membranes prepared using total casting thickness of (A) 215 μm and (B) 265 μm.

Samples	GO NSs wt% ratio	Water uptake (%)	Porosity (%)	Contact angle (degree)	Thickness (μm)	Tortuosity (τ)
Total casting thickness = 215 μm
Bare PES	0	35	40	76	149 ± 4.4	6.4
SG1	0.004	47	56	74	151 ± 4.5	3.7
SG2	0.008	48	59	69	155 ± 4.6	3.3
SG3	0.01	49	62	65	159 ± 4.7	3
SG4	0.04	51	60	60	160 ± 4.8	3.2
SG5	0.08	53	59	58	162 ± 4.8	3.3
SG6	0.1	55	54	55	167 ± 5.0	3.9
Total casting thickness = 265 μm
Bare PES	0	34	32	72	163 ± 4.8	8.82
SG1	0.004	35	39	70	156 ± 4.6	6.6
SG2	0.008	36	41	65	158 ± 4.7	6.1
SG3	0.01	42	47	58	162 ± 4.8	4.9
SG4	0.04	44.5	43	57	177 ± 5.3	5.7