Table 1.

REDD1 role in cancer.

Specific Hallmark of Cancer	REDD1 Role	Effect	References
Evasion from growth inhibition	N/D *	N/D	N/D
Sustaining proliferation	REDD1 inhibited proliferation in vitro and in vivo	Anti-cancer	[8,18,24,46,49,50,62,63]
Attenuation of apoptosis	REDD1 expression was correlated with abrogation of apoptosis	Pro-oncogenic	[1,64,65,66,67]
Stimulation of neo-angiogenesis	REDD1 overexpression was correlated with blood vessel density and slower angiogenesis rate in oral squamous carcinoma	Anti-cancer	[56]
	REDD1 induced angiogenesis in glioblastoma, colon, and lung cancer cells	Pro-oncogenic	[70,71,72,73,74,75,76]
Escape from immune response	REDD1 promoted tumor escape from immune system	Pro-oncogenic	[73,80]
Immortalization	N/D	N/D	N/D
Tumor-associated inflammation	REDD1 deficiency blunted response to LPS, attenuated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced inflammation	Pro-oncogenic	[94,95]
Genetic instability	N/D	N/D	N/D
Invasion and metastasis	REDD1 overexpression in TAM was associated with metastasis induction	Pro-oncogenic	[55,78]
Metabolic shift	REDD1 depleted intracellular ATP, stimulated ROS-mediated cytotoxicity, and decreased glucose uptake	Anti-cancer	[18,20,21,22]
Cell senescence	REDD1 promoted pro-survival autophagy in thymocytes	Pro-oncogenic	[64,87]
Cellular plasticity	REDD1 overexpression blocked keratinocyte differentiation	Pro-oncogenic	[1,18]
Non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming	REDD1 may cause changes in methylation pattern	Questionable	[88]
Microbiome polymorphism	N/D	N/D	N/D

* N/D, not described.