Table 2.
Details of different natural polymers recently used in the preparation of hydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds.
| Polymer and Additives |
Crosslinker | Fabrication Method | In Vitro Study | In Vivo Study | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Col, CS, Multiwalled Carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) |
Dehydrothermally (DHT) crosslinked under vacuum for 48 h at 120 °C. | Lyophilization | - | - | [35] |
| Col | BDDGE 2.5 mM at 4 °C for 19 h. | Lyophilization | hMSCs Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells | Rabbit (lumbar spine) | [36] |
| Col, chitin | Epichlorohydrin/chitin (10:1 molar ratio) at 60 °C for 6 h. | Lyophilization | MC 3T3 osteoblast precursor cell line | Male SD Rats (tibial defect) | [37] |
| Fish Col, Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) |
N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) 10 mM, EDC 10 mM at 4 °C for 24 h. | Electrospinning | BMSCs, HGF | - | [38] |
| Col, Graphene oxide (GO) |
Ribose 0.2 M, acetone 10 wt.%, and ammonia 2 wt.% at rt for 24 h. | Biomimetic mineralization Lyophilization |
Osteoblasts | - | [39] |
| Col, Zinc silicate |
Genipin 1 wt.% | 3D-printing | BMSC | Rat (critical size calvarial defect) | [40] |
| Col, CS, Hyaluronic acid (HyA) | - | Lyophilization | - | - | [41] |
| CS, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane | Citric acid 1.5 wt./v.% at rt for 2 h. | Electrospinning | Fibroblast cells derived from human lung tissue | - | [42] |
| CS, Alg, Dopamine | CaCl2 solution (5 wt.%) for 5 h at rt. | Lyophilization | L929 cells Subclone of parental strain L | Rabbits (femur) | [43] |
| CS, PVA, PLA | - | Lyophilization | MC3T3-E1 subclone mouse pre-osteoblasts | - | [44] |
| CS, Sr2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ | Genipin 1 wt.% at 37 °C for 12 h. | In situ precipitation | MC 3T3-E1 | - | [45] |
| Furan-modified Alg, Mg2+, Poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide) bifunctional maleimide | EDC 8 mM at rt for 1 h. | Lyophilization | MC 3T3-E1 | - | [46] |
| Alg | CaCl2 0.1 M solution at 40 °C overnight. | Lyophilization | - | Rats (cortical bone) | [47] |
| Alg, PVA | CaCl2 100 mM solution at rt for 1 h. | 3D-printing | MC 3T3 | - | [48] |
| Fibrin, Alg | 0.2% v/v glutaraldehyde in ethanol, 2-(N-morpholino ethanesulfonic acid solution at rt for 4 h. | Lyophilization | MC 3T3 | - | [49] |
| Alg, CS | CaCl2 1 wt.% solution at rt for 15 min. | Lyophilization | MG63 human osteosarcoma cell line | - | [50] |
| Alg, CS | CaCl2 15 wt.% solution at rt for 30 min. | Lyophilization | BMSCs | - | [51] |
| Alg, | D-Gluconic acid δ-lactone, CaCl2 10 mM solution at rt for 1 h. | Lyophilization | BMSCs | - | [52] |
| Col, CS, HyA | EDC 50 mM, NHS 25 mM in ethanol 98 % at rt for 4 h. | Lyophilization | SaOS-2 | - | [53] |
| Poly(L-lactic acid)-co-poly(ε-caprolactone), silk fibroin, HyA | - | Electrospinning | hFOBs | - | [54] |
| HyA | - | Lyophilization | hUCMSCs | - | [55] |
| HyA, CS, Chondroitin sulfate | EDC, NHS (2:1 molar ratio) at rt for 5 h. | Lyophilization | Osteoblasts | - | [56] |
Abbreviations: Col, collagen; CS, chitosan; MWCNT, multiwalled carbon nanotubes; DHT, dehydrothermally; BDDGE, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether; hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; SD, sprague dawley; PLGA, Poly(lactide-co-glycolide); NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide; EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride; BMSCs, Bone mesenchymal stem cells; HGF, human gingiva fibroblasts cells; GO, graphene oxide; BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells; HyA, Hyaluronic acid; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; Alg, alginate; PLA, poly lactic acid); SaOS-2, human osteosarcoma cell line; hFOBs, human fetal osteoblasts; hUCMSCs, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells.