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. 2022 Aug 26;23(17):9664. doi: 10.3390/ijms23179664

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The condition of dysbiosis, mainly the increase in anaerobes/pathobionts, promotes carcinogenesis. Bacterial genotoxins damage cellular DNA, stimulate local inflammation, and activate the innate immune system through the molecular patterns associated with microorganisms (MAMPs), the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Gut pathogenic bacteria can directly drive the process of pancreatic carcinogenesis by migrating through the bloodstream or indirectly influence endometrial and prostate carcinogenesis through oestrobolome. Different anticancer therapies act by counteracting dysbiosis. Image created with BioRender (https://biorender.com; accessed on 1 July 2022). FMT: transplantation of fecal microbiota; VMT: transplantation of vaginal microbiota.