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. 2022 Sep 1;23(17):9956. doi: 10.3390/ijms23179956

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metabolic alterations in breast cancer. (1) Alterations to glycolytic metabolism. (A) KLF4 activates NBCN1 expression to maintain pH imbalance caused by increased glycolysis. (B) KLF4 increases glycolytic metabolism by activating PFKP expression. (C) Ursolic acid induces CAV1 expression through SP1 to inhibit glycolysis. (2) Modifications to hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. KLF8 expression is upregulated by OGT, a key regulator of HBP. (3) Alterations to lipid metabolism. (A) SP1 activates ACSL4 expression to increase FAO. (B) SP1 binds to the ACER2 promoter to elevate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. (C) The feedforward loop of O-GlcNAc-Sp1/SREBP1/ACC1 signaling enhances LD formation.