Downregulation of TRAF4 in glioblastoma cells inhibits cell proliferation. (A) TRAF4 expression was detected by Western blotting in glioblastoma cells following TRAF4 knockdown. (B,C) The viability and proliferation of glioblastoma cells detected by MTT assay and EdU following TRAF4 knockdown. Scale bars = 20 µm. (D,E) The clone-forming and self-renewal ability of glioblastoma cells detected by colony formation and soft agar assay following TRAF4 knockdown. Scale bars (original graphic) = 5 mm, scale bars (magnified graphic) = 100 µm. All data represent the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Student’s t test was performed to analyze significance; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.