Table 2.

Influence of glutamine metabolism on endocrine-related cancers.

Endocrine-Related Cancers	Proliferation and Invasion	Autophagy and Apoptosis	Oxidative Stress	Other Functions	Tumor Outcome	References
Breast cancer	Promotes proliferation and invasion	Inhibits autophagy and apoptosis	Maintains redox balance	Immune resistance	Promotes progression	[34,35,39]
Uterine endometrial carcinoma	Accelerates tumor growth	Inhibits autophagy	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Promotes progression	[121,127,128,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139]
Ovarian cancer	Promotes proliferation and invasion	Inhibits apoptosis	Relieves oxidative stress	Immune resistance, drug resistance	Promotes progression	[46,91,122,140,141,142,143]
Prostate cancer	Promotes proliferation and invasion	Not mentioned	Decreases ROS, produce GSH	Radiation resistance	Promotes progression	[20,33,54]
Thyroid cancer	Promotes proliferation and invasion	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Promotes progression	[123,124,129,130,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152]

Note: abbreviations: ROS: reactive oxygen species; GSH: glutathione.