Table 1.
Summary of different biomarkers for detection/treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.
| Disorder | Biomarker | Biomarker Classification | Outcome of Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (including MDD) |
CRP, IL-6, TNF-α | Inflammatory | The simultaneous existence of three biomarkers in patients suffering from depression. | [113] |
| Alteration in δ/β activity of EEG |
Electro- physiological |
Simultaneous decrement of δ-power and increase of β activity in the frontal lobe in people suffering from depression. | [98] | |
| α1-anti-trypsin Epo-lipoprotein C3 Cortisol Myeloperoxidase |
Protein | These biomarkers not only can be applied for MDD detection but also are able to estimate treatment response. | [114] | |
| lncRNAs | Genetic | The expression of lncRNAs can act as a promising biomarker for improving the detection of MDD in the clinical setting. | [115] | |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme BDNF Cortisol |
Proteomic | Preparation of anecdotal evidence about the increment of pro-inflammatory/oxidative stress response in the acute stages of MDD. | [116] | |
| Mood disorders (particularly anxiety) | SB100 | Protein | Elevation of SB100 in patients suffering from mood disorders, including anxiety. | [117] |
| Schizophrenia | Variation in β and θ activity | Electro- physiological |
The surveys report the increase of β activity in all brain zones followed by increased θ activity in the upper temporal gyrus. | [118] |
| sTNF-R1, IL-6, IL-1Ra, OPG, vWf, sCD40L and hsCRP Pro-inflammatory markers | Inflammatory | The study supports considerable negative associations between inflammatory markers and general cognitive abilities. | [119] | |
| BD | BDNF | Protein | Significant decrease of BDNF in acute manic and BD. | [120] |
| ADHD | SNAP-25 gene | Genetic | The SNAP-25 T allele leads to a genetic load for ADHD. | [121] |
| PTSD | BNP | Protein | The amount of BNP is abnormally low in patients suffering from chronic PTSD. | [122] |
Abbreviations: ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BD: bipolar disorder; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; hsCRP: high sensitivity CRP; IL: interleukin; MDD: major depressive disorder; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder; vWF: von Willebrand factor; SB100: S100 calcium binding protein B; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; OPG: osteoprotegerin.