Table 1.
Baseline clinical, laboratory, angiographic, and procedural characteristics.
| Variables | Overall (n = 11,798) |
DM (n = 5092) |
Non-DM (n = 6706) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSTEMI (n = 5093) |
STEMI (n = 6705) |
p Value | NSTEMI (n = 2399) |
STEMI (n = 2693) |
p Value | NSTEMI (n = 2694) |
STEMI (n = 4012) |
p Value | |
| Male, n (%) | 3626 (71.2) | 5184 (77.3) | <0.001 | 1585 (66.1) | 1996 (74.1) | <0.001 | 2041 (75.8) | 3188 (79.5) | 0.001 |
| Age, years | 64.4 ± 12.0 | 62.1 ± 12.5 | <0.001 | 65.5 ± 11.3 | 63.0 ± 11.9 | <0.001 | 63.5 ± 12.6 | 61.4 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 54.1 ± 11.1 | 50.7 ± 11.0 | <0.001 | 52.6 ± 11.9 | 50.0 ± 11.1 | <0.001 | 55.4 ± 10.2 | 51.2 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 3.2 | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 0.076 | 24.3 ± 3.1 | 24.5 ± 3.1 | 0.017 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 3.1 | 0.404 |
| SBP, mmHg | 134.8 ± 26.6 | 127.7 ± 27.9 | <0.001 | 134.5 ± 26.8 | 128.1 ± 28.6 | <0.001 | 135.0 ± 26.5 | 127.5 ± 27.5 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 80.7 ± 15.2 | 78.4 ± 16.8 | <0.001 | 79.8 ± 15.1 | 77.8 ± 17.0 | <0.001 | 81.5 ± 15.7 | 78.7 ± 16.7 | <0.001 |
| Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 113 (2.2) | 395 (5.9) | <0.010 | 61 (2.5) | 176 (6.5) | <0.001 | 52 (1.9) | 219 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| Killip class I/II, n (%) | 4440 (87.2) | 5613 (83.7) | <0.001 | 2013 (83.9) | 2211 (82.1) | 0.087 | 2427 (90.1) | 3402 (84.8) | <0.001 |
| CPR on admission, n (%) | 122 (2.4) | 374 (5.6) | <0.001 | 60 (2.5) | 128 (4.8) | <0.001 | 62 (2.3) | 246 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2779 (54.6) | 3120 (46.5) | <0.001 | 1540 (64.2) | 1532 (56.9) | <0.001 | 1239 (46.0) | 1588 (39.6) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 661 (13.0) | 736 (11.0) | 0.001 | 375 (15.6) | 356 (13.2) | 0.014 | 286 (10.6) | 380 (9.5) | 0.134 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 234 (4.6) | 196 (2.9) | <0.001 | 149 (6.2) | 98 (3.6) | <0.001 | 85 (3.2) | 98 (2.4) | 0.079 |
| Previous PCI, n (%) | 386 (7.6) | 297 (4.4) | <0.001 | 239 (10.0) | 154 (5.7) | <0.001 | 147 (5.5) | 143 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Previous CABG, n (%) | 31 (0.6) | 20 (0.3) | 0.015 | 25 (1.0) | 14 (0.5) | 0.036 | 6 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | 0.561 |
| Previous HF, n (%) | 72 (1.4) | 55 (0.8) | 0.002 | 50 (2.1) | 28 (1.0) | 0.003 | 22 (0.8) | 27 (0.7) | 0.498 |
| Previous CVA, n (%) | 387 (7.6) | 326 (4.9) | <0.001 | 224 (9.3) | 168 (6.2) | <0.001 | 163 (6.1) | 158 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 1922 (37.7) | 3194 (47.6) | <0.001 | 803 (33.5) | 1182 (43.9) | <0.001 | 1119 (41.5) | 2012 (50.1) | <0.001 |
| Peak CK-MB, mg/dL | 23 (7.0–82.9) | 124.0 (34.6–268.5) | <0.001 | 18.3 (6.0–63.4) | 102.4 (26.9–236.2) | <0.001 | 29.5 (8.7–103.1) | 140.5 (39.6–290.8) | <0.001 |
| Peak Troponin-I, ng/mL | 11.0 (2.2–47.8) | 46.8 (16.0–61.2) | <0.001 | 8.7 (1.7–42.0) | 48.1 (18.5–67.8) | <0.001 | 12.7 (2.6–47.8) | 47.8 (12.7–52.1) | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dL | 171.2 ± 88.6 | 184.6 ± 83.3 | <0.001 | 216.5 ± 103.1 | 234.3 ± 95.9 | <0.001 | 130.6 ± 43.4 | 150.8 ± 50.8 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 6.64 ± 2.08 | 6.57 ± 2.22 | 0.074 | 7.72 ± 2.60 | 7.90 ± 3.00 | 0.022 | 5.67 ± 0.45 | 5.67 ± 0.45 | 0.800 |
| NT-ProBNP, pg/mL | 658.0 (160.0–2740.5) | 265.0 (59.0–1443.0) | <0.001 | 1325.5 (301.0–5417.0) | 453.5 (89.0–2621.8) | <0.001 | 484.0 (130.5–1857.5) | 225.0 (53.0–1195.0) | <0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/dL | 10.1 ± 46.8 | 9.4 ± 37.9 | 0.427 | 10.7 ± 43.9 | 11.3 ± 43.1 | 0.596 | 9.5 ± 49.2 | 8.2 ± 33.9 | 0.210 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.17 ± 1.70 | 1.06 ± 1.20 | <0.001 | 1.34 ± 2.21 | 1.10 ± 0.86 | <0.001 | 1.03 ± 1.06 | 1.03 ± 1.39 | 0.822 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.3 ± 45.3 | 87.3 ± 37.2 | 0.215 | 83.1 ± 46.0 | 85.3 ± 41.3 | 0.074 | 92.8 ± 44.1 | 88.6 ± 34.1 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 181.8 ± 46.3 | 184.0 ± 43.7 | 0.013 | 177.3 ± 49.8 | 180.5 ± 45.8 | 0.015 | 186.0 ± 42.4 | 186.3 ± 42.1 | 0.795 |
| Triglyceride, mg/L | 136.3 ± 117.5 | 137.9 ± 109.8 | 0.445 | 150.2 ± 136.2 | 151.0 ± 124.0 | 0.814 | 123.9 ± 96.3 | 129.0 ± 98.2 | 0.032 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/L | 43.0 ± 14.1 | 43.3 ± 15.4 | 0.291 | 41.6 ± 13.5 | 42.0 ± 14.4 | 0.359 | 44.2 ± 14.4 | 44.1 ± 16.0 | 0.869 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/L | 114.7 ± 41.7 | 115.9 ± 39.5 | 0.096 | 109.3 ± 38.8 | 111.8 ± 37.2 | 0.018 | 119.5 ± 43.6 | 118.7 ± 40.8 | 0.467 |
| Diabetes management | |||||||||
| Diet, n (%) | 166 (3.3) | 244 (3.6) | 0.287 | 166 (6.9) | 244 (9.0) | 0.005 | |||
| Oral agent, n (%) | 1492 (29.3) | 1681 (25.1) | <0.001 | 1492 (62.2) | 1681 (62.4) | 0.885 | |||
| Insulin, n (%) | 160 (3.1) | 128 (1.9) | <0.001 | 160 (6.7) | 128 (4.8) | 0.003 | |||
| Untreated, n (%) | 581 (11.4) | 640 (9.5) | 0.001 | 581 (24.2) | 640 (23.8) | 0.718 | |||
| Discharge medications | |||||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 4940 (97.2) | 6484 (96.7) | 0.370 | 2326 (97.0) | 2596 (96.4) | 0.268 | 2614 (97.0) | 3888 (96.9) | 0.777 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 4325 (84.9) | 5780 (86.2) | 0.049 | 2115 (88.2) | 2335 (86.7) | 0.118 | 2210 (82.0) | 3445 (85.9) | <0.001 |
| Ticagrelor, n (%) | 484 (9.5) | 607 (9.1) | 0.403 | 183 (7.6) | 219 (8.1) | 0.532 | 301 (11.2) | 388 (9.7) | 0.047 |
| Prasugrel, n (%) | 236 (4.6) | 366 (5.5) | 0.047 | 101 (4.2) | 139 (5.2) | 0.112 | 135 (4.4) | 227 (5.7) | 0.270 |
| Cilostazol, n (%) | 887 (17.4) | 1242 (18.5) | 0.122 | 462 (19.3) | 538 (20.0) | 0.525 | 425 (15.8) | 704 (17.5) | 0.058 |
| ACEIs, n (%) | 2581 (50.7) | 3849 (57.4) | <0.001 | 1133 (47.2) | 1455 (54.0) | <0.001 | 1448 (53.7) | 2394 (59.7) | <0.001 |
| ARBs, n (%) | 1558 (30.6) | 1576 (23.5) | <0.001 | 828 (34.5) | 712 (26.4) | <0.001 | 730 (27.1) | 864 (21.5) | <0.001 |
| BBs, n (%) | 4219 (82.8) | 5641 (84.1) | 0.061 | 2007 (83.7) | 2266 (84.1) | 0.639 | 2212 (82.1) | 3375 (84.1) | 0.030 |
| CCBs, n (%) | 501 (9.8) | 243 (3.6) | <0.001 | 265 (11.0) | 115 (4.3) | <0.001 | 236 (8.8) | 128 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering agents, n (%) | 4427 (86.9) | 5746 (85.7) | 0.056 | 2038 (85.0) | 2262 (84.0) | 0.347 | 2389 (88.7) | 3484 (86.8) | 0.025 |
| Year of index MI | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Before 2013 | 2959 (58.1) | 4372 (65.2) | 1480 (61.7) | 1834 (68.1) | 1479 (54.9) | 2538 (63.3) | |||
| After 2013 | 2134 (41.9) | 2333 (34.8) | 919 (38.3) | 859 (31.9) | 1215 (45.1) | 1474 (36.7) | |||
| IRA | |||||||||
| Left main, n (%) | 127 (2.5) | 75 (1.1) | <0.001 | 66 (2.8) | 31(1.2) | <0.001 | 61 (2.3) | 44 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| LAD, n (%) | 2178 (42.8) | 3548 (52.9) | <0.001 | 1006 (41.9) | 1343 (49.9) | <0.001 | 1172 (43.5) | 2205 (55.0) | <0.001 |
| LCx, n (%) | 1364 (26.8) | 592 (8.8) | <0.001 | 625 (26.1) | 233 (8.7) | <0.001 | 739 (27.4) | 359 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| RCA, n (%) | 1424 (28.0) | 2490 (37.1) | <0.001 | 702 (29.3) | 1086 (40.3) | <0.001 | 722 (26.8) | 1404 (35.0) | <0.001 |
| Treated vessel | |||||||||
| Left main, n (%) | 214 (4.2) | 115 (1.7) | <0.001 | 105 (4.4) | 44 (1.6) | <0.001 | 109 (4.0) | 71 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| LAD, n (%) | 2888 (56.7) | 4035 (60.2) | <0.001 | 1378 (57.4) | 1582 (58.7) | 0.346 | 1510 (56.1) | 2453 (61.1) | <0.001 |
| LCx, n (%) | 2016 (39.6) | 1076 (16.0) | <0.001 | 957 (39.9) | 454 (16.9) | <0.001 | 1059 (39.3) | 622 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| RCA, n (%) | 1868 (36.7) | 2824 (42.1) | <0.001 | 937 (39.1) | 1236 (45.9) | <0.001 | 931 (34.6) | 1588 (39.6) | <0.001 |
| ACC/AHA lesion type | |||||||||
| Type B1, n (%) | 703 (13.8) | 857 (12.8) | 0.105 | 327 (13.6) | 327 (12.1) | 0.113 | 376 (14.0) | 530 (13.2) | 0.381 |
| Type B2, n (%) | 1797 (35.3) | 2031 (30.3) | <0.001 | 835 (34.8) | 825 (30.6) | 0.002 | 962 (35.7) | 1206 (30.1) | <0.001 |
| Type C, n (%) | 2124 (41.7) | 3139 (46.8) | <0.001 | 1025 (42.7) | 1280 (47.5) | 0.001 | 1099 (40.8) | 1859 (46.3) | <0.001 |
| Extent of CAD | |||||||||
| 1-vessel, n (%) | 2208 (43.4) | 3551 (53.0) | <0.001 | 910 (37.9) | 1267 (47.0) | <0.001 | 1298 (48.2) | 2284 (56.9) | <0.001 |
| 2-vessel, n (%) | 1724 (33.9) | 2010 (30.0) | <0.001 | 848 (35.3) | 845 (31.4) | 0.003 | 876 (32.6) | 1165 (29.0) | 0.002 |
| ≥3-vessel, n (%) | 1161 (22.8) | 1144 (17.1) | <0.001 | 641 (26.7) | 581 (21.6) | <0.001 | 520 (19.3) | 563 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| Pre-PCI TIMI 0/1, n (%) | 2047 (40.2) | 4781 (71.3) | <0.001 | 903 (37.6) | 1884 (70.0) | <0.001 | 1144 (42.5) | 2897 (72.2) | <0.001 |
| PCI within 24 h, n (%) | 4396 (86.3) | 6477 (96.6) | <0.001 | 2040 (85.0) | 2599 (96.5) | <0.001 | 2356 (87.5) | 3878 (96.7) | <0.001 |
| GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor, n (%) | 480 (9.4) | 1458 (21.7) | <0.001 | 202 (8.4) | 527 (19.6) | <0.001 | 278 (10.3) | 931 (23.2) | <0.001 |
| Transradial approach, n (%) | 1833 (36.0) | 1218 (18.2) | <0.001 | 815 (34.0) | 493 (18.3) | <0.001 | 1018 (37.8) | 725 (18.1) | <0.001 |
| IVUS, n (%) | 1241 (24.4) | 1352 (20.2) | <0.001 | 539 (22.5) | 542 (20.1) | 0.041 | 702 (26.1) | 810 (20.2) | <0.001 |
| OCT, n (%) | 67 (1.3) | 22 (0.3) | <0.001 | 26 (1.1) | 10 (0.4) | 0.004 | 41 (1.5) | 12 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| FFR, n (%) | 75 (1.5) | 61 (0.9) | 0.448 | 38 (1.6) | 24 (0.9) | 0.029 | 37 (1.4) | 37 (0.9) | 0.095 |
| Types of DES a | |||||||||
| ZES, n (%) | 1647 (32.3) | 2372 (35.4) | 0.206 | 789 (32.9) | 976 (36.2) | 0.012 | 858 (31.8) | 1396 (34.8) | 0.012 |
| EES, n (%) | 2710 (53.2) | 3374 (50.3) | 0.193 | 1289 (53.7) | 1336 (49.6) | 0.003 | 1421 (52.7) | 2038 (50.8) | 0.117 |
| BES, n (%) | 783 (15.4) | 873 (13.0) | 0.078 | 335 (14.0) | 330 (12.3) | 0.071 | 448 (16.6) | 543 (13.5) | <0.001 |
| Others, n (%) | 124 (2.4) | 190 (2.8) | 0.710 | 72 (3.0) | 89 (3.3) | 0.575 | 52 (1.9) | 101 (2.5) | 0.133 |
| Stent diameter, mm | 3.18 ± 0.42 | 3.07 ± 0.42 | <0.001 | 3.15 ± 0.42 | 3.04 ± 0.41 | <0.001 | 3.19 ± 0.41 | 3.09 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
| Stent length, mm | 27.8 ± 12.8 | 26.7 ± 10.2 | 0.019 | 28.0 ± 12.9 | 27.0 ± 10.5 | 0.002 | 27.6 ± 12.6 | 26.5 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Number of stents | 1.61 ± 0.89 | 1.40 ± 0.70 | <0.001 | 1.67 ± 0.90 | 1.44 ± 0.74 | <0.001 | 1.56 ± 0.88 | 1.40 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
Values are means ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or numbers and percentages. The p values for continuous data were obtained from the unpaired t-test. The p values for categorical data were obtained from the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test. DM, diabetes mellitus; NSTEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; HF, heart failure; CVA, cerebrovascular accidents; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial band; NT-ProBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; Hs-CRP, high sensitivity-C-reactive protein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BBs, beta-blockers; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCx, left circumflex coronary artery; RCA, right coronary artery; ACC/AHA, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; CAD, coronary artery disease; TIMI, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; ZES, zotarolimus-eluting stent; EES, everolimus-eluting stent; BES, biolimus-eluting stent; GP, glycoprotein; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; OCT, optical coherence tomography; FFR, fractional flow reserve; a Drug-eluting stents were composed of ZES (Resolute Integrity stent; Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), EES (Xience Prime stent, Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA; or Promus Element stent, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA), and BES (BioMatrix Flex stent, Biosensors International, Morges, Switzerland; or Nobori stent, Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).