Table 2.
Inclusion systems and their advantages in protecting the anticancer drugs.
| Drug | Inclusion Systems | Advantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capecitabine | Smart pH-responsive co-polymeric hydrogels | Protection from chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis and improvement in the stability in the gastric media | [118] |
| Cladribine | Nanostabilized polyacrylamide matrix | Better operational stability and mechanical properties | [119] |
| Cytarabine | Liposomal formulation in hydrogel system | Improvement in stability | [74] |
| Fludarabina | Co-encapsulation with mitoxantrone in liposomes | Improvement in long-term stability | [120] |
| 5-Fluorouracil | Co-encapsulation with leucovorin in NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [75,121] |
| Gemcitabine | Temperature-sensitive liposomes | Improvement in long-term stability | [76] |
| 6-Mercaptopurine | NPs | Improvement in thermal stability | [122] |
| Gold NPs | Improvement in stability in diluted aqueous solutions | [77] | |
| Magnetite NPs | Improvement in thermal stability | [123] | |
| Methotrexate | Gellan gum microparticles | Higher thermal stability | [124] |
| Amphiphilic PEO–PPO–PEO tri-block co-polymeric nanomicelles | Improvement in thermodynamic stability | [125] | |
| 6-Thioguanine | Inclusion in βcyclodextrin and subsequent interaction with gold NPs | Increase in solubility and improvement in stability | [126] |
| Floxuridine | Boron nitride nanotube encapsulation | Improvement in long-term stability | [127] |
| Leucovorin | Co-encapsulation in NPs with of 5-fluorouracil | Improvement in long-term stability | [121] |
| Busulfan | Encapsulation within water-soluble pillae[5]arene | Reduction in hydrolytic degradation | [128] |
| Carmustine | Adsorption on the surface of the γ-Fe2O3 NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [129] |
| Cationic core-shell NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [130] | |
| Lomustine | Thermosensitive liposomes | Improvement in long-term stability | [131] |
| Mechlorethamine | Addition of free radical inhibitor for topical use | Improvement in long-term stability | [132] |
| Melphalan | Liposomal formulation based on a fluid lipid bilayer of natural phospholipids in the form of dioleoylglyceride ester | Improvement in stability in human serum | [133] |
| Daunorubicin | Liposomes | Improvement in long-term stability | [134,135] |
| Doxorubicin | Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) NPs with poloxamer 188 | Improvement in long-term stability | [136] |
| Peptide-based hydrogels and nanogels | Improvement in long-term stability | [137] | |
| Chitosan-coated nanodiamonds | Improvement in long-term stability | [138] | |
| PEGylated liposomal nanodrugs | Improvement in long-term stability | [139] | |
| Epirubicin | Drug-eluting beads | Improvement in long-term stability | [140] |
| Bifunctional drug-loaded micelles | Improvement in long-term stability | [141] | |
| Idarubicin | Drug-eluting beads | Improvement in long-term stability | [142] |
| Drug-eluting embolics beads | Improvement in long-term stability | [143] | |
| Mitoxantrone | Estrone-targeted liposomes | Improvement in long-term stability | [144] |
| Hyaluronan magnetic NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [145] | |
| Liposomes in PLGA NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [146] | |
| Bleomycin | Biodegradable chitosan nanogel | Improvement in thermal stability | [147] |
| Mitomycin | PEGylated liposomes | Improvement in long-term stability | [148] |
| Etoposide | PLGA NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [149] |
| Nanostructured lipid carriers | Improvement in long-term stability | [150] | |
| Teniposide | Aqueous mixtures of detergent-phospholipid | Improvement in long-term stability | [151] |
| Nanosuspensions | Improvement in long-term stability | [152] | |
| Docetaxel | Nanocrystal-loaded micelles | Enhancement in blood circulation | [153] |
| Chondroitin sulphate-hybridized zein NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [154] | |
| Cabazitaxel | Surfactant-stripped micelles | Improvement in long-term stability | [155] |
| Albumin NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [156] | |
| Paclitaxel | Natural exosome | Improvement in stability profile | [157] |
| Polymeric micellar system | Increased solubility, greater stability | [158] | |
| Merocyanine conjugates | Favorable biological stability | [159] | |
| 17-fluorinated ethanol-modified drug in NPs | Robust colloidal stability | [160] | |
| Vinblastine | PEGylated niosomes | Increased solubility in water, reduction in side effects | [161] |
| Vincristine | Artificial low-density lipoproteins | Improvement in diffusion capacity in tumor tissue and lower toxicity | [162] |
| Liposomes | Improvement in efficacy stability | [163] | |
| Vinorelbine | Liposomes prepared with ammonium salts of several anionic agents | Improvement in efficacy and stability | [164] |
| Nanomicelles | Reduction in side effects and increase in drug efficacy | [165] | |
| Liposome encapsulating polymeric micelles. Co-encapsulation with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) | Reduction in toxicity and increase in plasma half-life | [166] | |
| Intravenous lipid emulsion | Improvement in lipophilicity, and fewer toxic effects | [167] | |
| Irinotecan | Superparamagnetic chitosan nanocomplex | Improvement in effectiveness and biodistribution | [168] |
| Topotecan | Thiolated chitosan NPs | Improvement in stability and increase in absorption | [169] |
| Lipid NPs | Protection from hydrolysis | [170] | |
| Cisplatin | Liposome encapsulating polymeric micelles. Co-encapsulation with vinorelbine | Reduction in toxicity and increase in plasma half-life | [166] |
| NPs | Improvement in stability | [171] | |
| Carboplatin | Niosomal nanoplatform | Improvement in stability | [172] |
| Conjugation with an arginine-rich triple-helical peptide | Improvement in pharmacokinetic profile | [173] | |
| NPs | Outstanding plasma stability | [174] | |
| Oxaliplatin | Conjugation with PEGylated-nanobody | Prolonged circulation in vivo | [175] |
| Bevacizumab | Excipient in dilute solutions | Stabilization in unfavorable conditions, such as low concentration or body temperature. Prevention of aggregation. |
[176,177] |
| Lipid NPs | Biochemical and biophysical stabilization. Prevention of aggregation. | [178] | |
| Nanoincapsulation into PLGA NPs | Improvement in long-term stability. Prevention of aggregation. | [179] | |
| Cetuximab | Silica NPs | Improvement in stability and bioavailability. Prevention of aggregation. | [180] |
| Chitosan NPs with and without drug conjugation | Improvement in stability and bioavailability. Prevention of aggregation. | [181] | |
| Polymersome–mertansine nanodrug | Improvement in stability and bioavailability. Prevention of aggregation. | [182] | |
| Rituximab | Iron oxide NPs | Colloidal stability in buffer solution. Prevention of aggregation. | [183] |
| Trastuzumab | Coated NPs with docetaxel | Prevention of aggregation and improvement in stability and pharmacokinetics profile | [184] |
| Stealth immunoliposome coated with docetaxel | Prevention of aggregation and improvement in stability and pharmacokinetics profile | [185] | |
| Choline ionic liquid vesicles | Prevention of aggregation and improvement in stability and pharmacokinetics profile | [186] | |
| Drug conjugated with SCN-Bn-NOTA and radiolabeled with 64Cu | Prevention of aggregation and improvement in stability and pharmacokinetics profile | [187] | |
| Axitinib | Nanofibrous membranes prepared with poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen | Improvement in long-term stability | [188] |
| Bortezomib | Polymeric NPs | Improvement in water solubility chemical stability | [189] |
| Crizotinib | Thermosensitive liposome | Improvement in targeting efficacy | [190] |
| Dasatinib | Biodegradable NPs | Improvement in long-term stability | [191] |
| H-sensitive targeted micelle system. Co-encapsulation with curcumin | Improvement in long-term stability | [192] | |
| Imatinib | Nanostructured lipid carriers | Improvement in long-term stability at 25 °C | [193] |
| Nanocrystal delivery system | Improvement in long-term stability | [194] | |
| Lapatinib | Nanocrystals stabilized with a PEG coating | Improvement in stability for at least 4 days in plasma-containing buffers | [195] |
| Polymeric micelles | Improvement in stability | [196] | |
| Human serum albumin NPs | Improvement in stability | [197,198] | |
| Incorporation in lipoprotein-like NPs | Improvement in solubility in water and organic solvents | [199] | |
| Sorafenib | Solid lipid NPs | Increase in homogeneity and improvement in physical stability | [200] |
| Nucleoside-lipid-based nanocarriers | Increase in homogeneity and improvement in physical stability | [201] | |
| Sunitinib | Self-nanoemulsifying system | Improvement in long-term stability | [202] |
| Paclitaxel-loaded micelles | Improvement in long-term stability | [203] | |
| Self-nanoemulsifying system | Improvement in long-term stability | [204] | |
| Vandetanib | Nanocarrier based on apoferritin | Improvement in drug delivery | [205] |
| Vemurafenib | Peptide-modified loaded liposomes | Improvement in long-term stability | [206] |