Table 1.
Magnesium (Mg)-based materials for osteosynthesis of maxillofacial bones.
| Reference | Study | Materials | Fixation Type | Methodology | Evaluation | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. [100] | Finite element modeling | Mg (pure) Polymer Ti |
Screw | Bilateral mandibular ramus sagittal split osteotomy | Stress distribution | Mg screws maintained stability at osteotomy sites superior to the polymer material |
| Lee et al. [101] | Finite element modeling | Mg-Ca-Zn alloy Polymer Ti |
Screw | Bilateral mandibular ramus sagittal split osteotomy | Stress distribution | Mg-Ca-Zn screws maintained stability at osteotomy sites and displayed masticatory loading superior to the polymer material |
| Schaller et al. [102] | Animal experiment (minipigs) | WE43 alloy | Rivet | Implantation on mandibular angle | Histology Micro-CT |
Sufficient stability of the rivets during 12–24 weeks |
| Naujokat et al. [103] | Animal experiment (minipigs) | WE43 alloy | Plate + screws | Unicortical osteotomy at mandibular angle | Histology Micro-CT |
Sufficient stability of the plates and screws for 8 weeks, no side effects |
| Henderson et al. [99] | Animal experiment (rabbits) | Mg AZ31 alloy Stainless steel |
Screw | Implantation on mandibular angle | Histology Micro-CT |
Sufficient stability of the screws, physiological bone remodeling |
| Byun et al. [104] | Animal experiment (beagles) | WE43 Ti |
Plate + screws | Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla | Histology Micro-CT |
Sufficient stability of the plates and screws for 24 weeks; significant gas formation in the first 12 weeks |
| Byun et al. [105] | Animal experiment (beagles) | ZK60 coated with PLLA | Plate + screws | Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla | Micro-CT | Rapid biodegradation of ZK60 resulted in insufficient results |
| Schaller et al. [106] | Animal experiment (minipigs) | WE43 Polymer (PLGA) |
Plate + screws | Osteotomy at supraorbital rim and zygomatic arch | Histology Micro-CT |
Sufficient stability of the plates and screws in the midface region |
| Kim et al. [107] | Animal experiment (beagles) | WE43 polymer |
Plate + screws | Osteotomy at zygomatic arch | Histology Micro-CT |
Sufficient stability, biocompatibility and osteogenic activity of the plates and screws in the midface region |
| Naujokat et al. [108] | Animal experiment (minipigs) | WE43 Ti |
Plate + screws | Frontal bone osteotomy | Histology Micro-CT |
WE43 sufficient stability of the plates and screws in the calvaria compared to Ti |
| Schaller et al. [109] | Animal experiment (minipigs) | WE43 Ti |
Plate + screws | Frontal bone osteotomy | Histology Micro-CT |
WE43 sufficient stability of the plates and screws in the calvaria compared to Ti |
| Zhang et al. [110] | Animal experiment (canines) | Ca-P coated Mg-Zn-Gd scaffold Ti |
Mesh | Defect of the medial orbital wall | Histology Micro-CT |
Ca-P coated Mg-Zn-Gd scaffold resulted in excellent bone regeneration, no gas formation |
Mg—Magnesium; Ti—Titanium; Ca—Calcium; Zn—Zinc; Micro-CT—Micro-computed tomography; PLLA—Poly(L-lactic acid); PLGA—Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); Ca-P—Calcium phosphate; Gd—Gadolinium.