Skip to main content
. 2022 Aug 29;27(17):5562. doi: 10.3390/molecules27175562

Table 2.

The comprehensive list of the pharmacological activities from S. tonkinensis.

Detail Extracts/Compounds In Vivo/In Vitro Active Concentration/Dose References
Anti-inflammatory activity
Reduce TNF-α (−)-Anagyrine (61) In vitro 50 µM [12]
Sophocarpine (34) In vitro 50 µM [12]
14β-Hydroxymatrine (28) In vitro 50 µM [12]
7β-Sophoramine (49) In vitro 50 µM [12]
Matrine (1) In vivo 50 µM [12]
(+)-5α-Hydroxymatrine (5) In vivo 50 µM [12]
12,13-Dehydrosophoridine (16) In vitro 50 µM [23]
13α-Hydroxymatrine (36) In vitro 50 µM [23]
13β-Hydroxymatrine (37) In vitro 50 µM [23]
Isosophocarpine (48) In vitro 50 µM [23]
Sophoridine (13) In vitro 50 µM [23]
Water extract of roots In vivo 0.3 g/kg [75]
Inhibit the production of NO sophoratonkin (189) In vitro IC50 = 33.0 µM [28]
Maackiain (168) In vitro IC50 = 27.0 µM [28]
Sophoranone (120) In vitro IC50 = 28.1 µM [28]
Sophoranochromene (144) In vitro IC50 = 13.6 µM [28]
Tonkinochromane A (143) In vitro 20 µM [45]
Flemichin D (139) In vitro 20 µM [45]
6,8-Diprenyl-7,4′-dihydroxyflavanone (119) In vitro IC50 = 12.21 µM [45]
Water extract of roots In vivo 100 mg/kg [13]
Non-alkaloid extracts of roots In vivo 400 mg/kg [13]
Reduce IL- 6 2′-Hydroxyglabrol (131) In vitro IC50 = 1.62 µM [47]
Glabrol (121) In vitro IC50 = 0.73 µM [47]
Maackiain (168) In vitro IC50 = 3.01 µM [47]
Bolusanthin IV (261) In vitro IC50 = 4.02 µM [47]
Ethanol extract of roots In vivo 100 mg/kg [7]
(−)-Anagyrine (61) In vitro 50 µM [12]
Sophocarpine (34) In vitro 50 µM [12]
14β-Hydroxymatrine (28) In vitro 50 µM [12]
7β-Sophoramine (49) In vitro 50 µM [12]
Matrine (1) In vitro 50 µM [12]
(+)-5α-Hydroxyoxymatrine (3) In vivo 50 µM [12]
(+)-5α-Hydroxymatrine (5) In vivo 50 µM [12]
12,13-Dehydrosophoridine (16) In vitro 50 µM [23]
13α-Hydroxymatrine (36) In vitro 50 µM [23]
13β-Hydroxymatrine (37) In vitro 50 µM [23]
Isosophocarpine (48) In vitro 50 µM [23]
Sophoridine (13) In vitro 50 µM [23]
Water extract of roots In vivo 0.3 g/kg [75]
Reduce IL-5 50% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture In vivo 100 mg/kg [76]
Reduce IL-10 Ethanol extract of roots In vivo 100 mg/kg [7]
Reduce IL-1β Water extract of roots In vivo 0.3 g/kg [75]
Reduced the hyperplasia of goblet cell 50% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture In vivo 10 mg/kg [76]
Inhibit xylene induced auricle swelling in mice Oxymatrine (4) In vivo 40 mg/kg [78]
(−)-Cytisine (50) In vivo 40 mg/kg [78]
S. tonkinensis particles In vivo 1.75 g/kg [79]
Inhibit pain induced by acetic acid stimulation of the celiac mucosa Matrine (1) In vivo 40 mg/kg [78]
Sophoridine (13) In vivo 30 mg/kg [78]
Sophocarpine (34) In vivo 40 mg/kg [78]
S. tonkinensis particles In vivo 3.5 g/kg [79]
Inhibit croton oil induced ear swelling in mice Water extract of roots In vivo 0.35–1.12 g/kg [80]
Ethanol extract of roots In vivo 0.35–1.12 g/kg [80]
Water extract of roots In vivo 0.39 g/kg [81]
Anti-tumor activity
Inhibit A549 (−)-N-hexanoylcytisine (55) In vitro IC50 = 31.64 µM [24]
(−)-N-Formylcytisine (52) In vitro IC50 = 22.05 µM [24]
(6aR, 11aR)-Maackiain (168) In vitro IC50 = 24.58 µM [24]
Water extracts of roots In vitro 6.5 µg/µL [82]
1-(6,7-Dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [1,2-a] imidazol-3-yl) ethenone (76) In vitro IC50 = 23.05 ± 0.46 µM [27]
Inhibit HL-60 Tonkinensisol (93) In vitro IC50 = 36.48 μg/mL [15]
Sophoranol (5) In vitro 10.00 µg/mL [83]
13,14-Dehydrosophoranol (24) In vitro 1.00 µg/m L [83]
Inhibit HepG2 Tonkinensine C (73) In vitro IC50 = 87.4 ± 7.1 µM [1]
Perlolyrine (74) In vitro IC50 = 91.8 ± 3.5 µM [1]
Harmine (72) In vitro IC50 = 48.9 ± 5.2 µM [1]
Alkaloids In vitro IC50 = 9.04 g/L [84]
Non-alkaloids extract of roots In vitro IC50 = 0.98 g/L [84]
Water extracts of roots In vitro 6.5 µg/µL [82]
Inhibit SH-SY5Y Sophoranone (120) In vitro IC50 = 18.49 µM [85]
Matrine (1) In vitro IC50 = 60.81 µM [85]
Oxymatrine (4) In vitro IC50 = 42.56 µM [85]
(−)-Trifolirhizin (190) In vitro IC50 = 72.11 µM [85]
(−)-Maackiain (168) In vitro IC50 = 65.62 µM [85]
Inhibit B16-BL6 Extract of roots In vitro 400 µg/mL [86]
Inhibit CNE-1, CNE-2 Chloroform extract of roots In vitro 25 µg/mL [87]
Inhibit U937 Sophoranone (120) In vitro IC50 = 3.8 ± 0.9 µM [88]
Inhibit HeLa Tonkinensine B (59) In vitro IC50 = 24.3± 0.3 µM [25]
Inhibit MDA-MB-231 Tonkinensine B (59) In vitro IC50 = 48.9± 0.5 µM [25]
Water extract of roots In vitro 6.5 µg/µL [82]
Inhibit ESC solid tumor cell Total alkaloids of roots In vivo 100 mg/kg [89]
Inhibit H22 ascites tumor cells Total alkaloids of roots In vivo 100 mg/kg [89]
Inhibit S180 solid tumor cell Total alkaloids of roots In vivo 75 mg/kg [89]
Inhibit BV2 glioma cell lines Sophotokin (174) In vitro 10 µM [34]
Maackiain (168) In vitro 10 µM [34]
Medicarpin (176) In vitro 10 µM [34]
Inhibit Hep3B and KG-1 cells Water extract of roots In vitro 6.5 µg/µL [82]
Decrease the number of cancer nodules in tumor tissue and reduce AFP in serum Alkaloids extract of roots In vivo 0.036 g/kg [90]
Effects on the liver
Protect HepG2 cell against acetaminophen (APAP)- induced damage 4-Methoxybenzamide (252) In vitro 10 µmol/L [64]
7,3’-Dihydroxy-8,4’-dimethoxyisoflavone (104) In vitro 10 µmol/L [64]
7,4’-Dihydroxy-3’-methoxyisoflavone (102) In vitro 10 µmol/L [64]
(±)-3-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol (255) In vitro 10 µmol/L [64]
Enhance L-02 hepatocytes Matrine (1) In vivo and vitro 10 µM [91]
Oxymatrine (4) In vivo and vitro 10 µM [91]
Increase SOD and GSH Non-alkaloids extract of roots In vivo 400 mg/kg [13]
Water extract of roots In vivo 400 mg/kg [13]
Increase ALT and AST Water extract of roots In vivo 0.59 g/kg [92]
Increase CPT 1A activity Water extract of roots In vivo 25 μg/mL [91]
Reduce nonestesterified fatty acid Induce cellular lipids accumulation in hepatocytes Matrine (1) In vivo 10 µM [91]
Oxymatrine (4) In vivo 10 µM [91]
Reduce immune liver injury Oxymatrine (4) In vivo 60 mg/kg [93]
Sophocarpine (34) In vivo 60 mg/kg [93]
Oxymatrine (4) In vivo 120 mg/kg [94]
Inhibite acetaminophen-induced hepatic oxidative damage in mice STRP1 (Polysaccharide part) In vivo 200 mg/kg [95]
STRP2 (Polysaccharide part) In vivo 200 mg/kg [95]
Alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease of mice Water extract of roots In vivo 90 mg/kg [91]
Inhibit the production of tyrosinase Formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(116) In vitro IC50 = (7.82 ± 0.28) × 10−4 mol/L [43]
Tectorigenin (112) In vitro IC50 = (3.73 ± 0.45) × 10−4 mol/L [43]
8-Prenylkeamferol (91) In vitro IC50 = (1.58 ± 0.31) × 10−5 mol/L [43]
Reduce AST and ALT Oxymatrine (4) In vivo 120 mg/kg [93]
Sophocarpine (34) In vivo 120 mg/kg [93]
Water extract of roots In vivo 0.25 g/kg [96]
Reduce AST Non-alkaloid extract of roots In vivo 100 mg/kg [13]
Water extract of roots In vivo 200 mg/kg [13]
Reduce ALT Non-alkaloid extracts of roots In vivo 400 mg/kg [13]
Water extract of roots In vivo 200 mg/kg [13]
Anti-viral activity
Anti-Coxsackie virus B3 (−)-12β-Hydroxyoxysophocarpine (18) In vitro IC50 = 26.62 µM [14]
(−)-9α-Hydroxysophocarpine (25) In vitro IC50 = 197.22 µM [14]
(+)-Sophoranol (5) In vitro IC50 = 252.18 µM [14]
(−)-14β-Hydroxymatrine (28) In vitro IC50 = 184.14 µM [14]
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)- 4- (3- methoxy- 4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dehydroquinolizidine (75) In vitro IC50 = 6.40 µM [26]
Cermizine C (70) In vitro IC50 = 3.25 µM [26]
Jussiaeiine A (68) In vitro IC50 = 4.66 µM [26]
Jussiaeiine B (67) In vitro IC50 = 3.21 µM [26]
(+)-5α-Hydroxyoxysophocarpine (17) In vitro IC50 = 0.12 µM [26]
(−)-12β-Hydroxyoxysophocarpine (18) In vitro IC50 = 0.23 µM [26]
(−)-Clathrotropine (64) In vitro IC50 = 1.60 µM [26]
Anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Sophtonseedlin B (188) In vitro 100 µg/mL [56]
(−)-Trifolirhizin (190) In vitro 100 µg/mL [56]
Sophtonseedline B (21) In vitro 100 µg/mL [19]
Sophtonseedline D (23) In vitro 100 µg/mL [19]
Sophtonseedline F (8) In vitro 100 µg/mL [19]
(−)-N-Formylcytisine (52) In vitro 100 µg/mL [19]
Alkaloid extracts of seeds In vitro 0.5 mg/mL [19]
Methanol extracts of seeds In vitro 0.5 mg/mL [19]
Anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) (+)-Oxysophocarpine (20) In vitro 0.4 µmol/mL [20]
(−)-Sophocarpine (34) In vitro 0.4 µmol/mL [20]
(+)-Lehmannine (14) In vitro 0.4 µmol/mL [20]
(−)-13,14-Dehydrosophoridine (16) In vitro 1.6 µmol/mL [20]
(−) -14β-Hydroxyoxymatrine (6) In vitro 0.4 µmol/mL [18]
(+)-Sophoranol (5) In vitro 0.2 µmol/mL [18]
(−)-Cytisine (50) In vitro 0.2 µmol/mL [18]
Anti-mouse hepatitis virus Methanol extracts of plant In vitro EC50 = 27.5 ± 1.1 µg/mL [97]
Inhibited influenza virus A/Hanfang/359/95 (+)-12α-Hydroxysophocarpine (15) In vitro IC50 = 84.70 µM [14]
(−)-12β-Hydroxysophocarpine (19) In vitro IC50 = 242.46 µM [14]
(+)-Sophoramine (49) In vitro IC50 = 63.07 µM [14]
Anti-oxidant capacity
ABTS free radical scavenging ability Chloroform extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 1.08 mg/mL [98]
Ethyl acetate extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 0.55 mg/mL [98]
N-butanol extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 1.27 mg/mL [98]
Ethanol extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 3.08 mg/mL [98]
Shandougenines A (263) In vitro IC50 = 0.532 ± 0.076 mM [40]
Shandougenines B (264) In vitro IC50 = 0.18 ± 0.032 mM [40]
Bolusanthin IV (261) In vitro IC50 = 0.3 ± 0.025 mM [40]
2-(2′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran (260) In vitro IC50 = 0.726 ± 0.041 mM [40]
Shandougenine C (127) In vitro IC50 = 0.382 ± 0.055 mM [40]
Shandougenine D (128) In vitro IC50 = 0.341 ± 0.058 mM [40]
Demethylmedicarpin (179) In vitro IC50 = 0.503 ± 0.036 mM [40]
Scavenging of DPPH radicals Ethyl acetate extract of roots In vitro 0.5 mg/mL [98]
Ethanol extract of roots In vitro 0.5 mg/mL [98]
Chloroform extract of roots In vitro 0.5 mg/mL [98]
N-butanol extract of roots In vitro 0.5 mg/mL [98]
Water extract of aerial parts In vitro IC50 = 0.1434 g/L [17]
N-butyl alcohol extract of aerial parts In vitro IC50 = 0.0754 g/L [17]
Ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts In vitro IC50 = 0.0693 g/L [17]
Dichloromethane of aerial parts In vitro IC50 = 0.0494 g/L [17]
Petroleum ether extract of aerial parts In vitro IC50 = 0.1218 g/L [17]
STRP1 (Polysaccharide part) In vitro 1.0 mg/mL [95]
STRP2 (Polysaccharide part) In vitro 1.0 mg/mL [95]
Tonkinensisol (93) In vitro IC50 = 0.616 ± 0.021 mM [40]
Bolusanthin IV (261) In vitro IC50 = 0.502 ± 0.101 mM [40]
2-(2′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran (260) In vitro IC50 = 0.527 ± 0.054 mM [40]
Shandougenines A (263) In vitro IC50 = 1.213 ± 0.101 mM [40]
Shandougenines B (264) In vitro IC50 = 0.327 ± 0.022 mM [40]
WRSP-A2b (Polysaccharide part) In vitro IC50 = 19.95 ± 0.25 mg/mL [99]
WRSP-A3a (Polysaccharide part) In vitro IC50 = 5.99 ± 0.20 mg/mL [99]
Reducing power Chloroform extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 0.60 mg/mL [98]
Ethyl acetate extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 0.64 mg/mL [98]
N-butanol extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 0.51 mg/mL [98]
Ethanol extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 0.84 mg/mL [98]
Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability Chloroform extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 1.33 mg/mL [98]
Ethyl acetate extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 2.80 mg/mL [98]
N-butanol extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 5.00 mg/mL [98]
WRSP-A2b (Polysaccharide part) In vitro IC50 = 19.78 ± 0.47 mg/mL [99]
WRSP-A3a (Polysaccharide part) In vitro IC50 = 8.38 ± 0.18 mg/mL [99]
Superoxide anion radical scavenging ability WRSP-A2b (Polysaccharide part) In vitro IC50 = 4.24 ± 0.11 mg/mL [99]
WRSP-A3a (Polysaccharide part) In vitro IC50 = 1.94 ± 0.05 mg/mL [99]
Toxicity
Respiratory depression, muscle fibrillation, convulsions, spasms, and death Hydroalcoholic extract from the roots Mice (i.g.) LD50 = 9.802 ± 2.0067 g/kg [100]
Convulsions, hair erection, rapid abdominal contraction and excitement, depression, abdominal breathing and eye closure, and death (−)- Cytisine (50) Mice (i.g.) LD50 = 48.16 mg/kg [101]
Irritability, hyperactivity, shortness of breath, and convulsions Water extract of roots Mice (i.g.) LD50 = 17.469 g/kg [102]
90% Ethanol extract of roots Mice (i.g.) LD50 = 27.135 g/kg [102]
Alkaloids of roots Mice (i.g.) LD50 = 13.399 g/kg [102]
Water and 70% Ethanol extract mixture of roots Mice (i.g.) MTD = 36 g/kg [103]
All-component of of roots Mice (i.g.) MTD = 10.68 g/kg [102]
Slow heartbeat, bent trunk of zebrafish, accelerated movement frequency, and abnormal movement track, Hepato renal, pericardial enlargement, death. Sophoranone (120) Zebrafish (p.o.) LC50 = 22.45 µmol/L [104]
To cause hepatomegaly Sophoranone (120) Zebrafish (p.o.) 3.86 µmol/L [104]
The zebrafish liver lost transparency and became dark or brown, and liver blood flow was no longer observable Dealkalized water extract of roots Zebrafish (p.o.) LC10 = 1009.1 µg/mL [105]
Ethanol sedimentation extract of roots Zebrafish (p.o.) LC10 = 4367.6 µg/mL [105]
N-Butyl ethanol extract of roots Zebrafish (p.o.) MNLC = 700.0 µg/mL [105]
Slowed heart rate, reduced blood flow, and absence of circulation in the cardiotoxic phenotype, neurotoxic, and presents with behavioral abnormalities, bent trunk. Sophoranone (120) Zebrafish (p.o.) 11.59 µmol/L [104]
Induced pericardial edema and slowed the blood circulation, heart rate lower Diethyl ether extract of roots Zebrafish (p.o.) LC10 = 93.6 µg/mL [105]
N-Butyl ethanol extract of roots Zebrafish (p.o.) LC10 = 538.3 µg/mL [105]
Pericardial edema, a misshaped atrium and ventricle as well as reduced number of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes Dichloromethane extract of roots Zebrafish (p.o.) MNLC = 450.0 µg/mL [105]
Delayed yolk sac resorption in the hepatotoxic phenotype and Intestinal dysplasia Sophoranone (120) Zebrafish (p.o.) 1.29 µmol/L [104]
To cause renal and pericardial edema Sophoranone (120) Zebrafish (p.o.) 15.57 µmol/L [104]
Other pharmacological activities
Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2’,4’,7-Trihydroxy-6,8-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone (259) In vitro MIC = 125.0 µg/mL [16]
Genistin (115) In vitro MIC = 15.6 µg/mL [16]
Inhibit Bacillus megaterium 2-Methoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (277) In vitro MIC = 3.125 µg/mL [65]
Xylariphilone (282) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [65]
Xylarphthalide A (283) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-5-Carboxylmellein (280) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-5-Methylmellein (281) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
Inhibit Escherichia coli Lanatine A (65) In vitro MIC = 1.0 g/L [26]
Jussiaeiines A (68) In vitro MIC = 3.2 g/L [26]
Jussiaeiines B (67) In vitro MIC = 0.8 g/L [26]
(−)-5-Carboxylmellein (280) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
21-Acetoxycytochalasin J3 (304) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [71]
2-(2’,4’-Dihydroxy)-5,6-dioxomethylbenzofuran (260) In vitro MIC = 31.3 µg/mL [16]
Xylarphthalide A (283) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-5-Methylmellein (281) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
6-Heptanoyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (286) In vitro MIC = 50 µg/mL [106]
Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) -3,4-dehydroquinolizidine (75) In vitro MIC = 8.0 g/L [26]
Cermizines C (70) In vitro MIC = 3.5 g/L [26]
Jussiaeiines B (67) In vitro MIC = 6.0 g/L [26]
Cytochalasin K (311) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [65]
6-Heptanoyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (286) In vitro MIC = 50 µg/mL [106]
(−) -N-methylcytisine (54) In vitro MIC = 12.0 g/L [26]
Xylarphthalide A (283) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-5-Carboxylmellein (280) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-5-Methylmellein (281) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [67]
Cytochalasin K (311) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [65]
2’,4’,7-Trihydroxy-6,8-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone (259) In vitro MIC = 62.5 µg/mL [16]
Ethyl acetate extract of roots In vitro MIC = 0.313 mg/mL [98]
Inhibit Shigella dysenteriae Xylarphthalide A (283) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-5-Methylmellein (281) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-3-Carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalide (293) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [69]
Inhibit Proteus vulgaris Xylareremophil (287) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [68]
Mairetolide G (291) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [68]
Inhibit Micrococcus luteus Mairetolide G (291) In vitro MIC = 50 µg/mL [68]
Mairetolide B (290) In vitro MIC = 50 µg/mL [68]
Xylareremophil (287) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [68]
Inhibit Micrococcus lysodeikticus Mairetolide B (290) In vitro MIC = 100 µg/ml [68]
Mairetolide G (291) In vitro MIC = 100 µg/mL [68]
Xylareremophil (287) In vitro MIC = 100 µg/mL [68]
Inhibit Bacillus subtilis (−)-5-Carboxylmellein (280) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [67]
Mairetolide B (290) In vitro MIC = 100 µg/mL [68]
Mairetolide G (291) In vitro MIC = 100 µg/mL [68]
Xylarphthalide A (283) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
(−)-5-Methylmellein (281) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [67]
Xylapeptide A (301) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [70]
(−)-3-Carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalide (293) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [69]
Xylareremophil (287) In vitro MIC = 100 µg/mL [68]
Inhibit Bacillus anthracis (−)-5-Carboxylmellein (280) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [67]
21-Acetoxycytochalasin J3 (304) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [71]
Inhibit Alternaria oleracea Cytochalasin E (310) In vitro MIC = 3.125 µg/mL [71]
Cytochalasin H (306) In vitro MIC = 6.25 µg/mL [71]
Inhibit Colletotrichum capsici Cytochalasin E (310) In vitro MIC = 1.56 µg/mL [71]
Cytochalasin H (306) In vitro MIC = 6.25 µg/mL [71]
Inhibit Pestalotiopsis theae Cytochalasin E (310) In vitro MIC = 1.56 µg/mL [71]
Cytochalasin H (306) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [71]
Inhibit Enterobacter areogenes (−)-3-Carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalide methyl ester (294) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [69]
(−)-3-Carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalide (293) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [69]
Inhibit Colletotriehum gloeosporioides Methanol extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 1.214 mg/mLMIC = 2.5 mg/mL [107]
Inhibit Fusarium solani Methanol extract of roots In vitro EC50 = 1.169 mg/mLMIC = 2.5 mg/mL [107]
Inhibit Ceratocystis paradoxa Cytochalasin H (306) In vitro MIC = 25 µg/mL [71]
Inhibit Bacillus cereus Xylapeptide A (301) In vitro MIC = 12.5 µg/mL [70]
Moderate activities against Aphis fabae Sophtonseedline G (9) In vivo LC50 = 38.29 mg/L [19]
Matrine (1) In vivo LC50 = 18.63 mg/L [19]
(−)-N-Formylcytisine (52) In vivo LC50 = 23.74 mg/L [19]
Decreased fasting blood glucose levels Matrine (1) In vivo 2.5 mg/kg [108]
Ethyl acetate extract of roots In vivo 60 mg/kg [33]
alleviate insulin resistance Ethyl acetate extract of roots In vivo 60 mg/kg [33]
Matrine (1) In vivo 10 mg/kg [108]
Inhibit 5-lipoxygenase 50 % (v/v) Ethanol–water mixture In vitro IC50 = 1.61 µg/mL [76]
Maackiain (168) In vitro IC50 = 7.9 µM [76]
Sophoranone (120) In vitro IC50 = 1.6 µM [76]
Inhibit thromboxane synthase 50 % (v/v) Ethanol–water mixture In vitro IC50 = 5.56 µg/mL [76]
Inhibit butyrylcholinesterase Ethanol extract of roots In vitro IC50 = 15. 169 µg/mL [109]