Table 1.
Catalytic performance of semiconductor-based photocatalysts for benzene hydroxylation.
| Photocatalyst | Reaction Conditions | Con./% | Sel./% | Yield/% | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Ru(bpy)3]2+–SSA@TiO2 (0.42 g/L) |
Simulated solar, benzene (600 ppm), phenol (83,000 ppm), H2O, 5 h | 72 | 96 | 63.5 | [31] |
| mTiO2 (10 mg) |
λ > 320 nm, 0.02 mmol benzene, 10 mL H2O, 40 °C, 6 h | 42 | 81 | 34 | [32] |
| H-MAG TiO2 (120 mg) |
Simulated solar λ > 320 nm, aqueous benzene (20 mL H2O, saturated with O2), 42 °C, 24 h | 80 | 100 | 80 | [33] |
| Na-MAG TiO2 (120 mg) |
80 | 28 | 22.7 | ||
| TiO2@MCF (1 g/L) |
λ > 320 nm, 29.7 mL H2O, 0.3 mL acetonitrile, 10 mmol benzene, RT, 2 h | 72 | 30.7 | 22.2 | [34] |
| Au@TiO2 (50 mg) |
Xe arc lamp λ > 400 nm, 0.07 mL benzene, 50 mL H2O, 30 °C, 3 h | 65 | 96 | 62 | [35] |
| Au/TiO2 (60 mg) |
λ > 320 nm, 60 ppm benzene, 230 Kpa CO2, 20 mL H2O, 34 °C, 24 h | 15 | 89 | 13 | [36] |
| Au/TiO2 (60 mg) |
Hg lamp (240–440 nm), 5 mL benzene, 500 mL H2O, 25 °C, 6 h | [37] | |||
| Au @TiO2 (2 g/L) |
λ > 400 nm, 50 mL H2O, 0.07 mL benzene, RT, 2 h | 69 | 91 | 63 | [38] |
| Pt @TiO2 (50 mg) |
60 | 52 | 31 | ||
| Ag@TiO2 (50 mg) |
0.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 | ||
| Aushell-Pdcore/TiO2 (5 mg/L) |
UV LED light, 1 mmol/L benzene and H2O (100 mL), RT, 1 h | 30 | [39] | ||
| Au/Ti0.98V0.02O2 (30 mg) |
Hg lamp (200–400 nm), 2 mL benzene, 1 mL H2O2, 1 mL CH3CN, 25 °C, 18 h | 18 | 88.1 | 15.9 | [40] |
| Pd/CeO2/TiO2 (100 mg) |
Xe lamp λ > 420 nm, 1 g benzene, 10 mL CH3CN, benzene:H2O2 (molar ratio) = 1:5, 80 °C, 10 h | 73 | 95 | 69.4 | [41] |
| TiO2+POM (25 mg) |
Xe arc lamp λ > 300 nm, benzene:H2O:CH3CN = 0.05 mL:24 mL:1 mL, O2, RT, 8 h | 13 | 85 | 11.0 | [42] |
| Ti0.98Fe0.01Cr0.01O2 (30 mg) |
Hg lamp (200–400 nm), 1 mL benzene,2 mL CH3CN, 2 mL H2O2, H2O, 25 °C, 3–18 h | 15 | 94 | 14.1 | [43] |
| FeVCu/TiO2 (10 mg) |
Black light blue fluorescent bulb, benzene:H2O2 = 0.5, 40 mL CH3CN, 30 °C, 4 h | 18.6 | 52 | 9.7 | [44] |
| Cu(OH)2/LT (5 mg) |
UV illumination, 100 μL benzene, 500 μL CH3CN, 13 mL H2O, 87 μL H2O2, RT, 6 h | 50 | 97 | 45 | [45] |
| Pt/WO3 (20 mg) |
220 < λ < 470 nm, 1 mL benzene, 1 mL H2O, 60 °C, 3 h | 97 | [48] | ||
| Pt(0.2)-WO3 (20 mg) |
300 < λ < 500 nm, 2.5 mmol benzene, 7.5 mL H2O, 60 °C, 4 h | 69 | 74 | 49 | [49] |
| Pt/WO3 (20 mg) |
Xe lamp (420–540 nm), 0.3 mmol benzene, 5 mL H2O, 25 °C, 20 h | 70 | [51] | ||
| IL-ZnO2 (25 mg) |
Hg lamp (250–450 nm), 1 mL benzene, 2 ml CH3CN, 2 mL H2O2, 25 °C, 12 h |
5.2 | 92 | 4.8 | [53] |
| Bi2WO6/CdWO4 (50 mg) |
Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm), 3 mL CH3CN, 0.1 mL H2O, 0.5 mmol benzene, 25 °C, 3 h | 7.3 | 99 | 7.2 | [55] |
| FeVO4@TMOS (30 mg) |
Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm), 3 mL CH3CN, 3 mL H2O, 0.1 mL benzene, 2 mL H2O2, 24 °C, 4 h |
20 | 98 | 20 | [56] |
| FeVO4@DTOS (30 mg) |
13 | 98 | 13 |