Figure 12.

Changes in TIMP-1, TNF-α, and BAX mRNA expression patterns resulting from Fe₂O₃-NPs intoxication (30 mg/kg b. wt for 15 days, orally) and PPE (100 mg/kg b. wt) in male albino mice liver tissues. The first group is controlled mice (red column), the second group is PPE-treated mice (blue column), the third group is Fe₂O₃-NPs-exposed mice (orange column), and the fourth group is Fe₂O₃-NPs plus PPE-treated mice (purple column). Values are expressed as mean ± SE; means differ significantly at p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison post hoc test. The different letters (a, b, c, d) are different levels of significance (p < 0.05). The “a” letter indicates high significance, the “b” letter indicates significance, and the “c, d” letters indicate non-significance.