Table 2.

Anti-inflammatory activities of astragalin in vitro and in vivo. Reproduced from Riaz et al. [26]. Table reproduced is under Creative Commons Attribution License.

Assays	Organism Tested	Dose/Concentration	Molecular Targets
LPS-induced mouse mastitis	Mouse mastitis	10, 25 and 50 mg/kg	TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, p65 ┴, and IκBα ┴
LPS-induced endotozemia and lung injury in mice	Mice (lung)	25, 50, and 75 mg/kg	TNF-α ┴, IL-1β ┴, and IL-6 ┴
LPS-induced macrophages in mice	Mouse cells	1–100 μg/mL	IL-6 ↓, MIP-1α ↓, MCP-1 ↓, NF-κB p65 ┴, IκBα ┴, and NO ┴
LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	Mice (RAW 264.7 cells)	1, 10, and 100 μM	NO ↓ and TNF-α ↓
Inhibitory activity on the histamine release by KU812 cells	KU812 cells	10 to 30 μmol/L	IL-4 ↓, IL-13 ↓, and (IFN- γ) no effect
LPS-induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells	Mice (RAW 264.7 cells)		NO ┴, IL-6 ┴, and PGE2 ┴
Porphyromonasgingivalis-induced human gingival epithelial (HGE) cells	Human gingival epithelial cells		COX-2 ┴, IL-6 ┴, IL-8 ┴, MMP-1 ┴, MMP-3 ┴, PGE-2 ┴, and IL-4 ┴
Anti-inflammatory effects on Leptospira interrogans-induced inflammatory response	Uterine and endometrial epithelial cells of mice	100 μg/mL	p38 ┴, p-p38 MAPK ↓, ERK ┴, JNK ┴, and p-p65 ↓
Protective effects against ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced allergic inflammation	Mouse model of allergic asthma	0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg	SOCS-3 ┴, SOCS-5 ┴, and IFN- γ ↑
Alleviation in hepatic fibrosis function	Diabetic rats and nondiabetic		PAR2 ┴, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, and TGF-β1 ┴
Prevention of atopic dermatitis	NC/Nga mice	1.5 mg/kg	IgE ↓

^↑ Upregulation; ^↓ downregulation; ^┴ inhibition.