| DMC | dimethyl carbonate |
| TFA | trifluoroacetic acid |
| MTBE | methyl tertbutyl ether |
| TTF | Dutch Title Transfer Facility |
| LTA | Linde Type-A |
| Ov | oxygen vacancies |
| NRs | nanorods |
| BTC | 1, 3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid |
| NPs | nanoparticles |
| PC | propylene carbonate |
| DME | dimethyl ether |
| EPR | electron paramagnetic resonance |
| TPD | temperature-programmed desorption |
| XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| CH3Oa | adsorbed methoxy |
| 2-PA | 2-picolinamide |
| CMs | carbon microspheres |
| AC | activated carbon |
| MG | monovacancy graphene |
| GNG | graphitic-N-doped graphene |
| PNG | pyridinic-doped graphene |
| ANG | amino-doped graphene |
| POP | porous organic polymer |
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