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The effects of cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and inflammation in alveolar epithelial cells. Abbreviations: ERK—extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IL-1—interleukin 1; IL-1β—interleukin-1β; IL-6—interleukin 6; IL-8—interleukin 8; JNK—jun-N-terminal kinase; NF-κB,—nuclear factor-κB; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor α.
