Table 2.

Food-grade high internal phase emulsions stabilized by polysaccharides.

Particle Classification	Types of Polysaccharides	Particle Preparation Method	Emulsion Preparation Method	Φ	Ref.
Modified starch	Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch	Add OSA into suspension and use NaOH to keep pH at 8–9; then, use HCl to adjust pH to 6.5 after the reaction. After centrifugation, clean with ethanol water and deionized water 3 times and prepare particles by drying and cooling.	Mix with oil and shear at 13,500 rpm for 3 min to prepare the emulsion.	74%	[40]
	Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch	Add OSA into hydrolyzed starch solution, stir for 1 h under 35 °C, and use NaOH to keep pH at 8.5. After reaction, use HCl to adjust pH to 6.5. After centrifugation, clean with ethanol water and deionized water twice, dry in oven under 40 °C for 24 h, and then crush into granules by 100 mesh screen.	Mix with sunflower seed oil and shear at 23,000 rpm for 2 min to prepare the emulsion.	75%	[39]
	Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs)	Dissolve HBPs into N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF); then, DMF is removed by dialysis after adding the polymers dropwise to distilled water to obtain particle suspension.	Mix with oil and shear at 4000 rpm for 2 min to prepare the emulsion.	80%	[46]
	Starch nanocrystals (SNC)	Mix starch with diluted H2SO4, hydrolyze at 40 °C in a water bath with stirring, and then centrifuge and wash for 10 times. Finally, the suspension is further dialyzed in deionized water to remove the remaining H2SO4.	Mix with oil and shear at 13,500 rpm for 2 min to prepare the emulsion.	85%	[37]
Cellulose	Bacterial cellulose	Bacterial cellulose is homogenized by high pressure 40 times. Then, shear at 10,000 rpm for 15 min and further homogenize at 75 MPa. Finally, the suspension is concentrated by rotary evaporation.	Mix with oil and shear at 12,000 rpm for 2 min to prepare the emulsion.	75%	[47]
Chitosan	Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)	Disperse CMCS in aqueous phosphoric acid solution overnight to fully hydrate.	Mix with oil and shear at 10,000 rpm for 30 s to prepare the emulsion.	82%	[48]
	Chitosan microgel (CS)	Prepare h-CS by hydrophobic modification of chitosan using deoxycholic acid and then prepare microgel particles through dispersing h-CS in ethanol aqueous solution by adding dropwise to sodium tripolyphosphate at 1000 rpm, stirring for 20 min, and then applying ultrasonic treatment.	Mix with oil and shear at 10,000 rpm for 2 min to prepare the emulsion.	85%	[49]
	Chitosan microgel (CS)	Dissolve CS in acetic acid and adjust pH to 5.5, filter through 0.45 μm filter membrane, and store at 4 °C. Finally, prepare microgels by mixing with genipin solution dissolved in ethanol in the water bath at 37 °C.	Mix with oil and shear at 10,000 rpm for 1 min to prepare the emulsion.	80%	[50]