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. 2022 Aug 24;12(17):2916. doi: 10.3390/nano12172916

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Epifluorescence of UMR-106 cells grown on Ti-Nano surfaces functionalized with 1 × 10⁻⁵, 1 × 10⁻³, and 1 mg/mL grape-pomace extract and the control surface on days 3 (A–D) and 7 (E–L) of culture. (Ti-Nano, Ti-Nano/P_HP-5, Ti-Nano/P_HP-3, and Ti-Nano/P_HP1) Green, red, and blue fluorescence depicts actin cytoskeleton, bone sialoprotein (BSP), and cell nuclei, respectively. Note the BSP-positive mineralized matrix foci in (I–L). The microscopic fields are the same respectively for (E-I, F-J, G-K, H-L).