Table 1.

Study characteristics (n = 100).

Characteristics a		Number of Studies	References
Study type	Intervention	24	[57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80]
	Observational	67	[6,20,29,32,33,39,40,41,42,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138]
	Systematic review	9	[28,36,37,38,43,51,52,53,54]
Study duration b	One-time	46	[20,29,33,40,42,57,59,65,78,84,85,88,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,99,100,103,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,116,117,118,119,121,122,127,128,129,131,132,133,136,137]
	<1 month	18	[39,62,67,69,70,73,74,77,81,82,83,86,98,101,124,126,135,139]
	1–6 months	13	[32,41,60,61,64,68,71,75,76,80,87,120,123]
	>6–12 months	6	[6,66,79,89,102,130]
	>1 year	5	[63,72,104,115,125]
Population	All men c	3	[51,79,98]
	>2/3 women	53	[6,33,40,41,42,54,57,58,59,62,63,64,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,80,81,83,86,87,88,89,91,95,97,99,101,102,103,104,110,112,115,119,122,123,124,126,127,128,129,131,133,137]
	Students	27	[32,41,57,58,59,60,62,64,69,70,74,75,77,78,81,83,86,87,96,110,116,123,124,126,129,132,135]
	Children/adolescents	8	[58,60,66,72,84,85,125,128]
	Adults (sex mixed; non-student)	31	[20,28,29,36,37,38,39,43,52,53,61,65,82,90,92,94,100,105,106,107,111,113,114,117,118,120,121,130,134,136,139]
Eating behaviors d	Healthy eating	33	[37,38,41,43,51,52,53,54,58,60,63,70,74,75,76,77,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,89,111,112,116,117,122,124,126,132,135]
	Dieting for weight loss	26	[6,38,44,52,53,58,60,67,68,69,71,72,73,75,76,79,80,89,113,120,123,125,128,131,135,137]
	Vegetarian or meat reduction	19	[39,47,48,61,62,63,64,65,86,88,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,98,102]
	Cultural food choice	18	[35,63,65,66,70,74,84,97,98,99,101,102,103,105,106,107,130,139]
	Fruit and vegetable intake	22	[29,36,41,51,53,54,57,58,59,60,66,72,75,81,85,86,87,88,89,98,129,130]
	Food purchasing	16	[33,61,98,100,101,102,105,106,107,108,109,110,114,119,127,136]
	Shared meals	12	[20,35,40,47,85,99,100,102,103,104,115,134]
	Portion size	7	[53,91,99,108,109,115,139]
	Low-/high-fat diets	4	[32,75,121,124,136]
	Sugar intake	4	[53,72,75,124]
	Energy intake	4	[74,75,89,120]

^a Characteristics categories are not mutually exclusive and were derived inductively. ^b n = 91 because systematic reviews not included in count. ^c One study included 2 women, for 96% men only. Systematic reviews contained some sex-exclusive studies within their reviews; this is not reflected in this total. ^d Not mutually exclusive—many studies included more than one eating behavior.