Table 2.
Operationalization of identity (n = 100).
| Characteristic | Number of Studies | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Identity type a | Behavior-based identity | 36 | [6,28,29,38,41,52,53,61,62,70,72,73,75,76,77,81,82,83,86,87,88,89,90,92,93,94,96,111,112,116,117,131,132,133,135,137] |
| Social identity | 30 | [20,36,37,39,42,43,54,57,59,60,65,70,73,74,78,89,90,91,92,94,95,100,101,102,108,126,128,132,135,136] | |
| Self-identity | 24 | [20,28,29,32,39,43,54,57,66,81,87,95,109,114,119,120,121,125,127,129,132,135,136,137] | |
| Ethnic/Cultural identity | 20 | [35,63,65,66,70,74,84,97,98,99,101,102,103,105,106,107,122,130,134,139] | |
| Self-concept | 13 | [38,54,58,67,68,69,71,77,79,80,81,85,124] | |
| Multiple identities | 10 | [39,43,47,48,74,77,90,102,132,135] | |
| Gender identity | 8 | [37,51,74,90,95,103,118,125] | |
| Self-schema | 8 | [35,44,111,113,116,123,124,135] | |
| Ethical identity | 9 | [42,48,61,64,91,95,110,119,127] | |
| Family identity | 4 | [40,104,115,134] | |
| Identity theory a | Theory of Planned Behavior with identity extension | 29 | [28,29,32,33,36,43,57,59,60,61,65,68,74,76,87,92,94,96, 103,104,111,112,114,120,123,124,125,132,133] |
| Social Identity Theory | 15 | [39,57,65,73,74,77,78,89,91,92,94,97,100,106,107] | |
| Identity Theory | 8 | [39,41,62,77,86,100,120,136] | |
| Other identity theory b | 20 | [20,25,35,38,42,44,45,46,49,61,68,71,72,75,79,89,90,102,117,133] | |
| Other theory, not specifically identity-related c | 14 | [20,38,58,63,64,65,85,89,93,98,99,102,132,134] | |
| Identity characteristics | Fixed | 58 | [6,29,32,33,36,37,39,40,41,43,51,53,54,59,63,65,72,73,78,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,90,94,96,97,100,103,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,118,119,121,122,123,124,126,127,128,129,132,136] |
| Changing | 42 | [20,28,38,42,52,57,58,60,61,62,64,66,67,68,69,70,71,74,75,76,77,79,89,91,92,93,95,98,99,101,102,104,117,120,125,130,131,133,134,135,137,139] |
a Not mutually exclusive; many studies included more than one identity type. b ‘Other Identity Theory’ refers to theories of identity other than IT and SIT, none of which had more than 4 studies operationalizing approaches from these theories. These included 13 other theories: Unified Model of Vegetarian Identity; Social Cognitive Theory with identity extension; Self-Categorization; Self-As-Doer Theory; Situated Identity; Identity-Based Motivation Theory; Identity Process Theory; Moral Foundation Theory; Personal Construct Theory; Self-Congruity Theory; Self-Enhancement Theory; Spoiled Identity Theory; Identity-Based Motivation. c ‘Other Theory, not specifically identity related’ refers to behavioral theories that are not identity-specific or theories that do not include identity as a component. These included ten theories: Integrated Model of Behavior Change; Theory of Interpersonal Behavior; Theory of Normative Social Behavior; Deleuzian Body Model; Precede-Proceed; Grounded Theory; Cognitive Control Theory; Self-Categorization Theory; Consumer Culture Theory; Interactionism.